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The first story is a short one and is amazingly related to elves.
Iceland’s waterfalls and boiling lava generate copious amount of heat and electricity. Being an Island, it has no scope of exporting this energy to the outside world in a profitable way. There was a way in which this excess energy could be used: smelting aluminium. Smelting aluminium is an electrolytic process and uses prodigious amount of electricity.
In 2004, Alcoa (AA) started building Alcoa Fjardaal smelter in an Icelandic town. But they encountered a very interesting problem. A large number of Icelanders believe in elves, because of their folklore. This is not very different from kids believing in Santa Claus. Except that we are talking about adults here. In Michael Lewis’ own words:
One of my favorite authors — Douglas Adams of the Hitchhiker’s guide series (which was subsequently butchered by the movie) — said something quite apt.
Before Alcoa could build its smelter it had to defer to a government expert to scour the enclosed plant site and certify that no elves were on or under it. It was a delicate corporate situation, an Alcoa spokesman told me, because they had to pay hard cash to declare the site elf-free, but, as he put it, “We couldn’t as a company be in a position of acknowledging the existence of hidden people.”
A similar malady effects the people who do not believe in the global warming and changing weather patterns or people who believe in the apocalypse stories. Remember the Nostradamus stuff before the current scare? Or the May 21, 2011, prediction of rapture? Interestingly, these people do not realize their mistake but rationalize the failure of the predictions.
I don't believe it. Prove it to me and I still won't believe it.
It is still disconcerting to see that the Icelandic government puts its seal on this stupidity. I wonder what these “experts” do to actually verify that there are no elves living around. Are you allowed to take trips to the site and after billing for six months or so you report that you found no elves? I think it would be interesting still to find out if they have actually rejected a site because of a thriving elvish population.
The second story is about the fishing industry of Iceland in the pre-investment banking era.
Fishing is not a great business. It is a commodity and because everyone has a right to catch as many fish as they want, it is not very profitable either. On the other hand, if you allow people to fish as much as they want, you will end up putting a lot of pressure on the fish population in the area. Overfishing can damage the supply of fish in the short term.
In these cases, generally a central authority issues permits. For example, in Switzerland cantons issue permits to shoot deers to cull over-population. But how does the authority decide whom to give how many permits? Distributing them equally makes no sense, as fishermen differ in their fishing capabilities. So, the Icelandic government decided to award permits depending on their previous historical capability of catching fish. So, if your family has been catching around 0.1% of the total fish caught by Iceland for the last five years, then you will get a permit for a similar percent of fish, every year until eternity. Even if the total amount of fish caught by Iceland changes from year to year, depending on the situation of the fish supply, you will get a similar share of fishing permit every year. This quota was fixed for perpetuity.
A byproduct of this was that if you do not want to fish then you can sell your rights for the year to someone who wants to. Pretty soon, all the fishing was done by people who were quite good and could fish efficiently. There was no incentive to fish if you can sell your rights at a price which will let you live comfortably. In fact, you can also take this permit to a bank and they will give you money against it. Some people became billionaires because their family used to fish a lot in the past. Oh the unfairness of it all!
This is not something unique to Iceland. I have a similar story from my hometown in India. We have a sugar mill which makes sugar from sugarcane. The sugar mill runs for four to six months every year depending on the season when the sugarcane is ripe. A particular mill has a capacity and it can only use that much of sugarcane. This creates an interesting problem. If you are a farmer and you want to plant sugarcane, then you can’t just do it willy nilly. You have to go to a sugar mill and obtain a permit to sell it a particular amount of sugarcane.
This permit is free, theoretically. The system is supposed to work in a very transparent way. You get the permit, plant the sugarcane, and when it is ready you sell it to the sugar mill. In practice, the situation is quite different. A few powerful people or people whose family had a history of growing a lot of sugarcane obtain the permits and then sell them to the hapless farmers depending on the bid price.
In these cases, each individual blames the group. “Everyone does it!” is the answer. Everyone believes in the elves, so if I don’t, I will not fit in. Political parties intentionally do things which many individual party members do not believe because of the fear of alienating their base.
A lot of times, thinking in groups leads to trouble.
Disclosure: I am long Alcoa (AA).
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Thanks for another stimulating piece.
I'm not about to defend the existence of elves - even if it is Christmas - but your comment that you are from India brought a thought to mind. While the notion of elves seems ridiculous in today's world, almost every country has its no-go territories. India would be a particular case with its many sacred places where the indigenous population would be outraged by attempts to build or develop on land where they believe there to be deities (or gods or whatever is the best word) or history worth protecting. American Indians likewise have affinities with what they consider special parts of North America. Similarly in the UK with sites like Stonehenge.
I think you'd agree that we should be respectful of such situations, no matter how frustrating or inconvenient or illogical they may seem in a western capitalist world. The descriptions used by Michael Lewis and Alcoa might just be missing the real point.
Thanks again,
vgm