Banco De Chile Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Banco De Chile for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.1039 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0141 | + | 0.892 * 1.0017 | + | 0.115 * 1.0089 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.1202 | + | 4.679 * 0.006806 | - | 0.327 * 1.0022 |
| = | -2.37 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $2,916 Mil.
Revenue was 963.027 + 745.973 + 927.992 + 890.055 = $3,527 Mil.
Gross Profit was 963.027 + 745.973 + 927.992 + 890.055 = $3,527 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $10,553 Mil.
Total Assets was $63,913 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $537 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $110 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $1,097 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $706 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $11,998 Mil.
Net Income was 441.655 + 286.702 + 413.798 + 336.937 = $1,479 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -699.979 + 2348.103 + -8.558 + -595.476 = $1,044 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $2,637 Mil.
Revenue was 944.697 + 797.06 + 914.99 + 864.38 = $3,521 Mil.
Gross Profit was 944.697 + 797.06 + 914.99 + 864.38 = $3,521 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $11,300 Mil.
Total Assets was $63,562 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $461 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $95 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $977 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $605 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $12,003 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (2915.597 / 3527.047) | / | (2636.778 / 3521.127) |
| = | 0.82664 | / | 0.748845 |
| | = | 1.1039 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (3521.127 / 3521.127) | / | (3527.047 / 3527.047) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (10552.55 + 536.716) / 63912.655) | / | (1 - (11299.904 + 461.321) / 63561.959) |
| = | 0.826493 | / | 0.814964 |
| | = | 1.0141 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 3527.047 | / | 3521.127 |
| | = | 1.0017 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (95.474 / (95.474 + 461.321)) | / | (109.903 / (109.903 + 536.716)) |
| = | 0.171471 | / | 0.169966 |
| | = | 1.0089 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (1096.519 / 3527.047) | / | (977.259 / 3521.127) |
| = | 0.310889 | / | 0.277542 |
| | = | 1.1202 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((11998.029 + 706.248) / 63912.655) | / | ((12002.712 + 604.753) / 63561.959) |
| = | 0.198776 | / | 0.198349 |
| | = | 1.0022 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (1479.092 - 0 | - | 1044.09) | / | 63912.655 |
| | = | 0.006806 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Banco De Chile has a M-score of -2.37 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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