Canon Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Canon's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Canon Beneish M-Score Chart
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Canon Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.79 |
-2.77 |
-2.57 |
-2.33 |
-2.62 |
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Canon Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.33 |
-2.27 |
-2.27 |
-2.29 |
-2.62 |
Competitive Comparison of Canon's Beneish M-Score
For the Computer Hardware subindustry, Canon's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Canon's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Hardware Industry
For the Hardware industry and Technology sector, Canon's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Canon's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Canon Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Canon for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.006 | + | 0.528 * 0.9626 | + | 0.404 * 1.0375 | + | 0.892 * 0.9705 | + | 0.115 * 1.0098 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0429 | + | 4.679 * -0.035312 | - | 0.327 * 0.9936 |
| = | -2.67 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $5,490 Mil.
Revenue was 8082.413 + 6934.607 + 7221.956 + 7265.403 = $29,504 Mil.
Gross Profit was 3806.593 + 3260.509 + 3429.383 + 3396.644 = $13,893 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $15,447 Mil.
Total Assets was $37,620 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $8,487 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $1,682 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $8,902 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $9,996 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $664 Mil.
Net Income was 559.558 + 420.264 + 462.676 + 422.027 = $1,865 Mil.
Non Operating Income was -32.9 + 12.209 + 43.726 + 7.437 = $30 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 1259.224 + 783.442 + 569.108 + 550.701 = $3,162 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $5,623 Mil.
Revenue was 8577.08 + 6951.843 + 7455.844 + 7415.831 = $30,401 Mil.
Gross Profit was 3841.973 + 3147.819 + 3463.955 + 3326.03 = $13,780 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $15,980 Mil.
Total Assets was $37,769 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $8,545 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $1,713 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $8,795 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $10,120 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $650 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (5489.976 / 29504.379) | / | (5622.852 / 30400.598) |
| = | 0.186073 | / | 0.184959 |
| | = | 1.006 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (13779.777 / 30400.598) | / | (13893.129 / 29504.379) |
| = | 0.453273 | / | 0.470884 |
| | = | 0.9626 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (15447.026 + 8487.229) / 37619.951) | / | (1 - (15979.818 + 8545.452) / 37768.503) |
| = | 0.363788 | / | 0.350642 |
| | = | 1.0375 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 29504.379 | / | 30400.598 |
| | = | 0.9705 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (1713.408 / (1713.408 + 8545.452)) | / | (1681.966 / (1681.966 + 8487.229)) |
| = | 0.167017 | / | 0.165398 |
| | = | 1.0098 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (8901.857 / 29504.379) | / | (8794.845 / 30400.598) |
| = | 0.301713 | / | 0.289298 |
| | = | 1.0429 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((663.682 + 9995.562) / 37619.951) | / | ((650.396 + 10120.113) / 37768.503) |
| = | 0.28334 | / | 0.285172 |
| | = | 0.9936 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (1864.525 - 30.472 | - | 3162.475) | / | 37619.951 |
| | = | -0.035312 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Canon has a M-score of -2.67 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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