Cisco Systems Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Cisco Systems's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Cisco Systems Beneish M-Score Chart
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Cisco Systems Annual Data
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| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.60 |
-2.60 |
-2.65 |
-2.52 |
-2.90 |
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Cisco Systems Quarterly Data
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| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.79 |
-2.84 |
-2.90 |
-2.74 |
-2.56 |
Competitive Comparison of Cisco Systems's Beneish M-Score
For the Communication Equipment subindustry, Cisco Systems's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Cisco Systems's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Hardware Industry
For the Hardware industry and Technology sector, Cisco Systems's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Cisco Systems's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Cisco Systems Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Cisco Systems for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.883 | + | 0.528 * 0.9643 | + | 0.404 * 0.976 | + | 0.892 * 1.0766 | + | 0.115 * 1.0316 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0282 | + | 4.679 * -0.001483 | - | 0.327 * 1.0187 |
| = | -2.56 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Jan24) TTM: | Last Year (Jan23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $8,360 Mil.
Revenue was 12791 + 14668 + 15203 + 14571 = $57,233 Mil.
Gross Profit was 8217 + 9557 + 9748 + 9232 = $36,754 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $42,127 Mil.
Total Assets was $101,174 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $2,005 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $1,696 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $12,714 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $30,851 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $6,669 Mil.
Net Income was 2634 + 3638 + 3958 + 3212 = $13,442 Mil.
Non Operating Income was -151 + -206 + -186 + -229 = $-772 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 808 + 2371 + 5966 + 5219 = $14,364 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $8,794 Mil.
Revenue was 13592 + 13632 + 13102 + 12835 = $53,161 Mil.
Gross Profit was 8427 + 8346 + 8025 + 8121 = $32,919 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $38,515 Mil.
Total Assets was $95,840 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $1,964 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $1,761 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $11,486 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $27,252 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $7,637 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (8360 / 57233) | / | (8794 / 53161) |
| = | 0.14607 | / | 0.165422 |
| | = | 0.883 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (32919 / 53161) | / | (36754 / 57233) |
| = | 0.619232 | / | 0.642182 |
| | = | 0.9643 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (42127 + 2005) / 101174) | / | (1 - (38515 + 1964) / 95840) |
| = | 0.563801 | / | 0.57764 |
| | = | 0.976 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 57233 | / | 53161 |
| | = | 1.0766 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (1761 / (1761 + 1964)) | / | (1696 / (1696 + 2005)) |
| = | 0.472752 | / | 0.458255 |
| | = | 1.0316 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (12714 / 57233) | / | (11486 / 53161) |
| = | 0.222145 | / | 0.216061 |
| | = | 1.0282 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((6669 + 30851) / 101174) | / | ((7637 + 27252) / 95840) |
| = | 0.370846 | / | 0.364034 |
| | = | 1.0187 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (13442 - -772 | - | 14364) | / | 101174 |
| | = | -0.001483 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Cisco Systems has a M-score of -2.56 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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