Nu Holdings Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Nu Holdings for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.8517 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.1332 | + | 0.892 * 1.8956 | + | 0.115 * 1.1304 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.4202 | + | 4.679 * -0.005418 | - | 0.327 * 1.0304 |
| = | -1.68 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $14,532 Mil.
Revenue was 1692.505 + 1493.263 + 1343.322 + 1103.094 = $5,632 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1692.505 + 1493.263 + 1343.322 + 1103.094 = $5,632 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $36,760 Mil.
Total Assets was $43,498 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $70 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $63 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $1,138 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $11,495 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $1,060 Mil.
Net Income was 360.877 + 303.036 + 224.866 + 141.751 = $1,031 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 2706.491 + -3234.361 + 1699.767 + 94.292 = $1,266 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $9,001 Mil.
Revenue was 969.208 + 777.905 + 676.748 + 547.335 = $2,971 Mil.
Gross Profit was 969.208 + 777.905 + 676.748 + 547.335 = $2,971 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $25,839 Mil.
Total Assets was $29,935 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $46 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $54 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $1,428 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $7,817 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $568 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (14531.873 / 5632.184) | / | (9000.76 / 2971.196) |
| = | 2.580149 | / | 3.029339 |
| | = | 0.8517 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (2971.196 / 2971.196) | / | (5632.184 / 5632.184) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (36760.25 + 69.753) / 43498.449) | / | (1 - (25838.714 + 46.464) / 29934.872) |
| = | 0.153303 | / | 0.135283 |
| | = | 1.1332 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 5632.184 | / | 2971.196 |
| | = | 1.8956 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (53.669 / (53.669 + 46.464)) | / | (62.895 / (62.895 + 69.753)) |
| = | 0.535977 | / | 0.47415 |
| | = | 1.1304 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (1137.612 / 5632.184) | / | (1428.331 / 2971.196) |
| = | 0.201984 | / | 0.480726 |
| | = | 0.4202 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((1059.691 + 11494.77) / 43498.449) | / | ((567.592 + 7817.483) / 29934.872) |
| = | 0.288619 | / | 0.280111 |
| | = | 1.0304 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (1030.53 - 0 | - | 1266.189) | / | 43498.449 |
| | = | -0.005418 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Nu Holdings has a M-score of -1.68 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
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