Shinhan Financial Group Co Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Shinhan Financial Group Co for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.2282 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9817 | + | 0.892 * 1.1447 | + | 0.115 * 0.8815 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9748 | + | 4.679 * 0.005265 | - | 0.327 * 1.0588 |
| = | -2.15 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $16,090 Mil.
Revenue was 4233.459 + 3397.042 + 3611.33 + 3656.45 = $14,898 Mil.
Gross Profit was 4233.459 + 3397.042 + 3611.33 + 3656.45 = $14,898 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $112,643 Mil.
Total Assets was $530,357 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $4,639 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $904 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $5,632 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $20,399 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $96,924 Mil.
Net Income was 421.458 + 893.443 + 954.53 + 1062.742 = $3,332 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -3645.98 + -4581.433 + 5893.987 + 2873.148 = $540 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $11,445 Mil.
Revenue was 3451.659 + 2938.925 + 3266.765 + 3358.089 = $13,015 Mil.
Gross Profit was 3451.659 + 2938.925 + 3266.765 + 3358.089 = $13,015 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $101,535 Mil.
Total Assets was $513,646 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $4,595 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $772 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $5,048 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $14,701 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $92,611 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (16089.757 / 14898.281) | / | (11445.126 / 13015.438) |
| = | 1.079974 | / | 0.87935 |
| | = | 1.2282 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (13015.438 / 13015.438) | / | (14898.281 / 14898.281) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (112642.869 + 4638.969) / 530357.444) | / | (1 - (101534.869 + 4594.974) / 513645.861) |
| = | 0.778863 | / | 0.793379 |
| | = | 0.9817 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 14898.281 | / | 13015.438 |
| | = | 1.1447 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (771.764 / (771.764 + 4594.974)) | / | (904.315 / (904.315 + 4638.969)) |
| = | 0.143805 | / | 0.163137 |
| | = | 0.8815 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (5632.469 / 14898.281) | / | (5047.951 / 13015.438) |
| = | 0.378062 | / | 0.387843 |
| | = | 0.9748 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((96923.754 + 20398.979) / 530357.444) | / | ((92611.46 + 14701.207) / 513645.861) |
| = | 0.221214 | / | 0.208923 |
| | = | 1.0588 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (3332.173 - 0 | - | 539.722) | / | 530357.444 |
| | = | 0.005265 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Shinhan Financial Group Co has a M-score of -2.15 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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