Valhi Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Valhi's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
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Valhi Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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|
|
|
|
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-2.45 |
-2.62 |
-2.95 |
-2.64 |
-1.94 |
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Valhi Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.64 |
-2.33 |
-2.18 |
-2.00 |
-1.94 |
Competitive Comparison
For the Chemicals subindustry, Valhi's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Valhi Beneish M-Score Distribution
For the Chemicals industry and Basic Materials sector, Valhi's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Valhi's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Valhi Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Valhi for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.3965 | + | 0.528 * 1.7293 | + | 0.404 * 1.0667 | + | 0.892 * 0.8647 | + | 0.115 * 1.064 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0521 | + | 4.679 * -0.020972 | - | 0.327 * 1.0396 |
| = | -1.94 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $340 Mil.
Revenue was 453 + 468.9 + 507.1 + 492.7 = $1,922 Mil.
Gross Profit was 65 + 60.6 + 65.5 + 54.1 = $245 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $1,475 Mil.
Total Assets was $2,737 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $540 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $54 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $289 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $507 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $564 Mil.
Net Income was 3.9 + -6 + -5.1 + -4.9 = $-12 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 15.1 + 7.5 + 10.5 + 8.3 = $41 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 65.1 + 33.9 + 31.7 + -126.8 = $4 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $282 Mil.
Revenue was 402.6 + 556.3 + 634.6 + 629 = $2,223 Mil.
Gross Profit was 52.6 + 120.4 + 146.7 + 170.7 = $490 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $1,590 Mil.
Total Assets was $2,836 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $545 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $59 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $318 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $493 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $575 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (340.4 / 1921.7) | / | (281.9 / 2222.5) |
| = | 0.177135 | / | 0.126839 |
| | = | 1.3965 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (490.4 / 2222.5) | / | (245.2 / 1921.7) |
| = | 0.220652 | / | 0.127595 |
| | = | 1.7293 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (1475.4 + 540) / 2737) | / | (1 - (1589.5 + 545.3) / 2835.7) |
| = | 0.263646 | / | 0.24717 |
| | = | 1.0667 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 1921.7 | / | 2222.5 |
| | = | 0.8647 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (58.5 / (58.5 + 545.3)) | / | (54.1 / (54.1 + 540)) |
| = | 0.096886 | / | 0.091062 |
| | = | 1.064 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (289.2 / 1921.7) | / | (317.9 / 2222.5) |
| = | 0.150492 | / | 0.143037 |
| | = | 1.0521 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((564.4 + 507.1) / 2737) | / | ((575.1 + 492.8) / 2835.7) |
| = | 0.391487 | / | 0.376591 |
| | = | 1.0396 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (-12.1 - 41.4 | - | 3.9) | / | 2737 |
| | = | -0.020972 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Valhi has a M-score of -1.94 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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