Holcim Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Holcim's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
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Holcim Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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|
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|
|
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-2.76 |
-2.89 |
-2.53 |
-2.62 |
-2.66 |
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Holcim Semi-Annual Data
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Jun14 |
Dec14 |
Jun15 |
Dec15 |
Jun16 |
Dec16 |
Jun17 |
Dec17 |
Jun18 |
Dec18 |
Jun19 |
Dec19 |
Jun20 |
Dec20 |
Jun21 |
Dec21 |
Jun22 |
Dec22 |
Jun23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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|
|
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|
|
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-2.53 |
- |
-2.62 |
- |
-2.66 |
Competitive Comparison
For the Building Materials subindustry, Holcim's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Holcim Beneish M-Score Distribution
For the Building Materials industry and Basic Materials sector, Holcim's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Holcim's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Holcim Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Holcim for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.0628 | + | 0.528 * 0.9347 | + | 0.404 * 1.0954 | + | 0.892 * 0.9968 | + | 0.115 * 1.2651 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.8974 | + | 4.679 * -0.045743 | - | 0.327 * 1.0214 |
| = | -2.59 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $4,055 Mil.
Revenue was $31,231 Mil.
Gross Profit was $13,296 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $14,850 Mil.
Total Assets was $60,923 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $22,366 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $2,401 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $8,353 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $10,296 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $13,627 Mil.
Net Income was $3,538 Mil.
Gross Profit was $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was $6,325 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $3,828 Mil.
Revenue was $31,332 Mil.
Gross Profit was $12,467 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $18,016 Mil.
Total Assets was $61,832 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $21,851 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $3,054 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $9,339 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $9,507 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $14,264 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (4055.273 / 31231.499) | / | (3827.823 / 31332.117) |
| = | 0.129846 | / | 0.122169 |
| | = | 1.0628 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (12466.724 / 31332.117) | / | (13295.56 / 31231.499) |
| = | 0.39789 | / | 0.42571 |
| | = | 0.9347 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (14849.676 + 22365.865) / 60922.757) | / | (1 - (18016.316 + 21850.58) / 61832.331) |
| = | 0.389136 | / | 0.355242 |
| | = | 1.0954 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 31231.499 | / | 31332.117 |
| | = | 0.9968 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (3053.886 / (3053.886 + 21850.58)) | / | (2400.555 / (2400.555 + 22365.865)) |
| = | 0.122624 | / | 0.096928 |
| | = | 1.2651 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (8353.377 / 31231.499) | / | (9338.772 / 31332.117) |
| = | 0.267466 | / | 0.298057 |
| | = | 0.8974 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((13627.428 + 10296.022) / 60922.757) | / | ((14263.632 + 9507.299) / 61832.331) |
| = | 0.392685 | / | 0.384442 |
| | = | 1.0214 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (3538.39 - 0 | - | 6325.162) | / | 60922.757 |
| | = | -0.045743 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Holcim has a M-score of -2.59 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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