PPG Industries Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for PPG Industries's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
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PPG Industries Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.68 |
-2.67 |
-2.31 |
-2.37 |
-2.73 |
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PPG Industries Quarterly Data
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Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
Mar24 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.54 |
-2.56 |
-2.62 |
-2.73 |
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Competitive Comparison
For the Specialty Chemicals subindustry, PPG Industries's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
PPG Industries Beneish M-Score Distribution
For the Chemicals industry and Basic Materials sector, PPG Industries's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where PPG Industries's Beneish M-Score falls into.
PPG Industries Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of PPG Industries for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9713 | + | 0.528 * 0.9102 | + | 0.404 * 1.014 | + | 0.892 * 1.0256 | + | 0.115 * 1.0145 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0458 | + | 4.679 * -0.028948 | - | 0.327 * 0.9223 |
| = | -2.64 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $3,581 Mil.
Revenue was 4311 + 4350 + 4644 + 4872 = $18,177 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1866 + 1819 + 1892 + 2006 = $7,583 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $7,671 Mil.
Total Assets was $21,867 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $4,441 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $566 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $4,333 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $4,943 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $6,540 Mil.
Net Income was 400 + 90 + 426 + 490 = $1,406 Mil.
Non Operating Income was -1 + -200 + -13 + -13 = $-227 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -60 + 898 + 892 + 536 = $2,266 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $3,595 Mil.
Revenue was 4380 + 4185 + 4468 + 4691 = $17,724 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1784 + 1562 + 1647 + 1737 = $6,730 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $8,193 Mil.
Total Assets was $22,099 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $4,184 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $542 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $4,040 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $4,868 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $7,714 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (3581 / 18177) | / | (3595 / 17724) |
| = | 0.197007 | / | 0.202832 |
| | = | 0.9713 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (6730 / 17724) | / | (7583 / 18177) |
| = | 0.379711 | / | 0.417176 |
| | = | 0.9102 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (7671 + 4441) / 21867) | / | (1 - (8193 + 4184) / 22099) |
| = | 0.446106 | / | 0.439929 |
| | = | 1.014 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 18177 | / | 17724 |
| | = | 1.0256 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (542 / (542 + 4184)) | / | (566 / (566 + 4441)) |
| = | 0.114685 | / | 0.113042 |
| | = | 1.0145 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (4333 / 18177) | / | (4040 / 17724) |
| = | 0.238378 | / | 0.22794 |
| | = | 1.0458 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((6540 + 4943) / 21867) | / | ((7714 + 4868) / 22099) |
| = | 0.525129 | / | 0.569347 |
| | = | 0.9223 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (1406 - -227 | - | 2266) | / | 21867 |
| | = | -0.028948 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
PPG Industries has a M-score of -2.64 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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