Watania International Holding PJSC Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Watania International Holding PJSC for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.5687 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0366 | + | 0.892 * 1.2951 | + | 0.115 * 1.1169 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.4964 | + | 4.679 * 0.062244 | - | 0.327 * 0.7888 |
| = | -2.14 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was د.إ64.2 Mil.
Revenue was 232.697 + 139.722 + 172.889 + 174.195 = د.إ719.5 Mil.
Gross Profit was 232.697 + 139.722 + 172.889 + 174.195 = د.إ719.5 Mil.
Total Current Assets was د.إ480.4 Mil.
Total Assets was د.إ1,211.1 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was د.إ15.1 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was د.إ14.4 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was د.إ13.9 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was د.إ103.8 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was د.إ82.3 Mil.
Net Income was 19.855 + -2.718 + -1.107 + -2.757 = د.إ13.3 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 1.229 + 0 + 0 + 0 = د.إ1.2 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -47.614 + 4.633 + -8.566 + -11.795 = د.إ-63.3 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was د.إ87.2 Mil.
Revenue was 290.794 + 72.827 + 109.065 + 82.89 = د.إ555.6 Mil.
Gross Profit was 290.794 + 72.827 + 109.065 + 82.89 = د.إ555.6 Mil.
Total Current Assets was د.إ536.6 Mil.
Total Assets was د.إ1,284.4 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was د.إ15.7 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was د.إ18.8 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was د.إ21.7 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was د.إ145.8 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was د.إ104.3 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (64.215 / 719.503) | / | (87.195 / 555.576) |
| = | 0.089249 | / | 0.156945 |
| | = | 0.5687 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (555.576 / 555.576) | / | (719.503 / 719.503) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (480.361 + 15.131) / 1211.141) | / | (1 - (536.64 + 15.655) / 1284.427) |
| = | 0.590888 | / | 0.570007 |
| | = | 1.0366 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 719.503 | / | 555.576 |
| | = | 1.2951 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (18.783 / (18.783 + 15.655)) | / | (14.442 / (14.442 + 15.131)) |
| = | 0.545415 | / | 0.488351 |
| | = | 1.1169 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (13.923 / 719.503) | / | (21.658 / 555.576) |
| = | 0.019351 | / | 0.038983 |
| | = | 0.4964 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((82.307 + 103.763) / 1211.141) | / | ((104.349 + 145.822) / 1284.427) |
| = | 0.153632 | / | 0.194772 |
| | = | 0.7888 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (13.273 - 1.229 | - | -63.342) | / | 1211.141 |
| | = | 0.062244 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Watania International Holding PJSC has a M-score of -2.14 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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