Provident Financial Holdings Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Provident Financial Holdings for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.1691 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9824 | + | 0.892 * 1.0429 | + | 0.115 * 1.2012 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0301 | + | 4.679 * -0.005024 | - | 0.327 * 1.1105 |
| = | -2.33 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $4.08 Mil.
Revenue was 9.649 + 9.89 + 10.369 + 10.382 = $40.29 Mil.
Gross Profit was 9.649 + 9.89 + 10.369 + 10.382 = $40.29 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $52.95 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,301.09 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $9.60 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $3.08 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $19.34 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $140.00 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $242.50 Mil.
Net Income was 2.141 + 1.762 + 1.808 + 2.323 = $8.03 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0.00 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 0.094 + 3.364 + 4.487 + 6.626 = $14.57 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $3.34 Mil.
Revenue was 10.341 + 9.968 + 9.671 + 8.652 = $38.63 Mil.
Gross Profit was 10.341 + 9.968 + 9.671 + 8.652 = $38.63 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $30.56 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,271.04 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $8.91 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $3.67 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $18.00 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $156.50 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $180.00 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (4.076 / 40.29) | / | (3.343 / 38.632) |
| = | 0.101167 | / | 0.086534 |
| | = | 1.1691 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (38.632 / 38.632) | / | (40.29 / 40.29) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (52.95 + 9.598) / 1301.093) | / | (1 - (30.56 + 8.911) / 1271.042) |
| = | 0.951927 | / | 0.968946 |
| | = | 0.9824 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 40.29 | / | 38.632 |
| | = | 1.0429 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (3.667 / (3.667 + 8.911)) | / | (3.076 / (3.076 + 9.598)) |
| = | 0.291541 | / | 0.242702 |
| | = | 1.2012 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (19.335 / 40.29) | / | (17.998 / 38.632) |
| = | 0.479896 | / | 0.465883 |
| | = | 1.0301 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((242.5 + 140) / 1301.093) | / | ((180 + 156.499) / 1271.042) |
| = | 0.293984 | / | 0.264743 |
| | = | 1.1105 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (8.034 - 0 | - | 14.571) | / | 1301.093 |
| | = | -0.005024 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Provident Financial Holdings has a M-score of -2.33 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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