Customers Bancorp Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Customers Bancorp for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.7953 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.8457 | + | 0.892 * 1.1697 | + | 0.115 * 0.9245 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.5374 | + | 4.679 * 0.005883 | - | 0.327 * 1.2895 |
| = | -2.75 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $114.8 Mil.
Revenue was 187.399 + 213.69 + 176.491 + 163.359 = $740.9 Mil.
Gross Profit was 187.399 + 213.69 + 176.491 + 163.359 = $740.9 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $6,366.8 Mil.
Total Assets was $21,316.3 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $7.4 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $31.8 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $138.4 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $251.6 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $1,506.1 Mil.
Net Income was 62.092 + 86.756 + 47.574 + 53.721 = $250.1 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0.0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -118.377 + 136.101 + 89.467 + 17.538 = $124.7 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $123.4 Mil.
Revenue was 130.503 + 146.164 + 173.257 + 183.526 = $633.5 Mil.
Gross Profit was 130.503 + 146.164 + 173.257 + 183.526 = $633.5 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $3,566.7 Mil.
Total Assets was $20,896.1 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $9.0 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $27.2 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $77.0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $530.7 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $805.5 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (114.766 / 740.939) | / | (123.374 / 633.45) |
| = | 0.154893 | / | 0.194765 |
| | = | 0.7953 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (633.45 / 633.45) | / | (740.939 / 740.939) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (6366.752 + 7.371) / 21316.265) | / | (1 - (3566.68 + 9.025) / 20896.112) |
| = | 0.700974 | / | 0.828882 |
| | = | 0.8457 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 740.939 | / | 633.45 |
| | = | 1.1697 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (27.157 / (27.157 + 9.025)) | / | (31.813 / (31.813 + 7.371)) |
| = | 0.750567 | / | 0.811888 |
| | = | 0.9245 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (138.41 / 740.939) | / | (76.969 / 633.45) |
| = | 0.186804 | / | 0.121508 |
| | = | 1.5374 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((1506.07 + 251.565) / 21316.265) | / | ((805.532 + 530.666) / 20896.112) |
| = | 0.082455 | / | 0.063945 |
| | = | 1.2895 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (250.143 - 0 | - | 124.729) | / | 21316.265 |
| | = | 0.005883 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Customers Bancorp has a M-score of -2.75 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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