Shell Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Shell's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
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Shell Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.82 |
-4.72 |
-3.03 |
-2.53 |
-2.82 |
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Shell Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.53 |
-2.63 |
-2.96 |
-3.13 |
-2.82 |
Competitive Comparison
For the Oil & Gas Integrated subindustry, Shell's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Shell Beneish M-Score Distribution
For the Oil & Gas industry and Energy sector, Shell's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Shell's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Shell Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Shell for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.0859 | + | 0.528 * 1.3857 | + | 0.404 * 1.0748 | + | 0.892 * 0.8303 | + | 0.115 * 0.7534 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.2558 | + | 4.679 * -0.085734 | - | 0.327 * 0.9291 |
| = | -2.77 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $46,371 Mil.
Revenue was 78732 + 76350 + 74578 + 86959 = $316,619 Mil.
Gross Profit was 5959 + 14911 + 9173 + 17164 = $47,207 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $134,115 Mil.
Total Assets was $406,270 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $194,835 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $31,291 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $13,434 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $95,467 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $71,610 Mil.
Net Income was 472 + 7044 + 3134 + 8709 = $19,359 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 12569 + 12332 + 15130 + 14159 = $54,190 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $51,430 Mil.
Revenue was 101303 + 95749 + 100059 + 84204 = $381,315 Mil.
Gross Profit was 22136 + 13031 + 27390 + 16223 = $78,780 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $165,938 Mil.
Total Assets was $443,024 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $198,642 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $23,119 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $12,883 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $121,311 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $74,794 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (46371 / 316619) | / | (51430 / 381315) |
| = | 0.146457 | / | 0.134875 |
| | = | 1.0859 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (78780 / 381315) | / | (47207 / 316619) |
| = | 0.206601 | / | 0.149097 |
| | = | 1.3857 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (134115 + 194835) / 406270) | / | (1 - (165938 + 198642) / 443024) |
| = | 0.190317 | / | 0.177065 |
| | = | 1.0748 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 316619 | / | 381315 |
| | = | 0.8303 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (23119 / (23119 + 198642)) | / | (31291 / (31291 + 194835)) |
| = | 0.104252 | / | 0.138379 |
| | = | 0.7534 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (13434 / 316619) | / | (12883 / 381315) |
| = | 0.04243 | / | 0.033786 |
| | = | 1.2558 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((71610 + 95467) / 406270) | / | ((74794 + 121311) / 443024) |
| = | 0.411246 | / | 0.442651 |
| | = | 0.9291 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (19359 - 0 | - | 54190) | / | 406270 |
| | = | -0.085734 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Shell has a M-score of -2.77 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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