Pathfinder Bancorp Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Pathfinder Bancorp for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.2796 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9421 | + | 0.892 * 0.9232 | + | 0.115 * 0.5328 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0797 | + | 4.679 * -0.004188 | - | 0.327 * 1.3302 |
| = | -2.51 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $7.29 Mil.
Revenue was 10.261 + 10.98 + 10.536 + 11.299 = $43.08 Mil.
Gross Profit was 10.261 + 10.98 + 10.536 + 11.299 = $43.08 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $314.73 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,465.80 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $24.04 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $1.34 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $17.48 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $127.93 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $85.93 Mil.
Net Income was 2.536 + 2.176 + 1.982 + 2.599 = $9.29 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0.00 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 8.429 + 5.1 + -4.142 + 6.045 = $15.43 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $6.17 Mil.
Revenue was 13.064 + 11.712 + 11.019 + 10.866 = $46.66 Mil.
Gross Profit was 13.064 + 11.712 + 11.019 + 10.866 = $46.66 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $233.18 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,399.92 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $24.18 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $0.70 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $17.53 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $61.31 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $92.24 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (7.286 / 43.076) | / | (6.168 / 46.661) |
| = | 0.169143 | / | 0.132187 |
| | = | 1.2796 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (46.661 / 46.661) | / | (43.076 / 43.076) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (314.734 + 24.04) / 1465.798) | / | (1 - (233.176 + 24.183) / 1399.921) |
| = | 0.768881 | / | 0.816162 |
| | = | 0.9421 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 43.076 | / | 46.661 |
| | = | 0.9232 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (0.7 / (0.7 + 24.183)) | / | (1.34 / (1.34 + 24.04)) |
| = | 0.028132 | / | 0.052797 |
| | = | 0.5328 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (17.476 / 43.076) | / | (17.533 / 46.661) |
| = | 0.405702 | / | 0.375753 |
| | = | 1.0797 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((85.925 + 127.925) / 1465.798) | / | ((92.236 + 61.308) / 1399.921) |
| = | 0.145893 | / | 0.10968 |
| | = | 1.3302 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (9.293 - 0 | - | 15.432) | / | 1465.798 |
| | = | -0.004188 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Pathfinder Bancorp has a M-score of -2.51 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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