Starwood Property Trust Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Starwood Property Trust for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.3702 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9988 | + | 0.892 * 1.0999 | + | 0.115 * 1 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9214 | + | 4.679 * -0.0085 | - | 0.327 * 1.0312 |
| = | -2.09 |
* All numbers are in millions except for per share data and ratio. All numbers are in their local exchange's currency.
| This Year (Sep20) TTM: | Last Year (Sep19) TTM: |
Accounts Receivable was $78.0 Mil.
Revenue was 229.986 + 196.937 + 154.425 + 339.997 = $921.3 Mil.
Gross Profit was 229.986 + 196.937 + 154.425 + 339.997 = $921.3 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $457.9 Mil.
Total Assets was $80,617.6 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $0.0 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $97.8 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $402.0 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $361.9 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $12,480.4 Mil.
Net Income was 151.834 + 139.656 + -66.769 + 171.869 = $396.6 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0.0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -243.589 + 579.006 + 190.732 + 556.592 = $1,082.7 Mil.
|
Accounts Receivable was $51.8 Mil.
Revenue was 225.387 + 199.079 + 194.961 + 218.241 = $837.7 Mil.
Gross Profit was 225.387 + 199.079 + 194.961 + 218.241 = $837.7 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $335.9 Mil.
Total Assets was $74,434.1 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $0.0 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $115.3 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $396.7 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $395.9 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $11,102.2 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Accounts Receivable in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (78.03 / 921.345) | / | (51.777 / 837.668) |
| = | 0.0846914 | / | 0.06181088 |
| | = | 1.3702 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (837.668 / 837.668) | / | (921.345 / 921.345) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (457.9 + 0) / 80617.639) | / | (1 - (335.894 + 0) / 74434.1) |
| = | 0.9943201 | / | 0.99548736 |
| | = | 0.9988 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 921.345 | / | 837.668 |
| | = | 1.0999 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (115.25 / (115.25 + 0)) | / | (97.848 / (97.848 + 0)) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (402.046 / 921.345) | / | (396.721 / 837.668) |
| = | 0.43636857 | / | 0.47360171 |
| | = | 0.9214 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((12480.378 + 361.851) / 80617.639) | / | ((11102.217 + 395.879) / 74434.1) |
| = | 0.159298 | / | 0.1544735 |
| | = | 1.0312 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (396.59 - 0 | - | 1082.741) | / | 80617.639 |
| | = | -0.0085 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Starwood Property Trust has a M-score of -2.09 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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