American Express Co Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of American Express Co for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9725 | + | 0.892 * 1.0847 | + | 0.115 * 1.0005 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9103 | + | 4.679 * -0.057899 | - | 0.327 * 1.0117 |
| = | -2.67 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €0 Mil.
Revenue was 14536.92 + 14481.264 + 14375.454 + 13884.689 = €57,278 Mil.
Gross Profit was 14536.92 + 14481.264 + 14375.454 + 13884.689 = €57,278 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €51,495 Mil.
Total Assets was €247,720 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €4,727 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €1,517 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €12,475 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €13,941 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €44,920 Mil.
Net Income was 2242.04 + 1772.561 + 2296.587 + 2006.602 = €8,318 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 5107.84 + 6207.173 + 7724.628 + 3620.929 = €22,661 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was €0 Mil.
Revenue was 13338.454 + 13161.248 + 13644.09 + 12662.21 = €52,806 Mil.
Gross Profit was 13338.454 + 13161.248 + 13644.09 + 12662.21 = €52,806 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €40,317 Mil.
Total Assets was €220,276 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €4,861 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €1,561 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €12,633 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €13,310 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €38,423 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 57278.327) | / | (0 / 52806.002) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (52806.002 / 52806.002) | / | (57278.327 / 57278.327) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (51495.16 + 4726.96) / 247720.12) | / | (1 - (40317.044 + 4860.536) / 220276.428) |
| = | 0.773042 | / | 0.794905 |
| | = | 0.9725 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 57278.327 | / | 52806.002 |
| | = | 1.0847 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (1560.884 / (1560.884 + 4860.536)) | / | (1516.947 / (1516.947 + 4726.96)) |
| = | 0.243075 | / | 0.242948 |
| | = | 1.0005 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (12474.663 / 57278.327) | / | (12633.21 / 52806.002) |
| = | 0.21779 | / | 0.239238 |
| | = | 0.9103 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((44919.92 + 13940.76) / 247720.12) | / | ((38422.892 + 13309.5) / 220276.428) |
| = | 0.23761 | / | 0.234852 |
| | = | 1.0117 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (8317.79 - 0 | - | 22660.57) | / | 247720.12 |
| | = | -0.057899 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
American Express Co has a M-score of -2.67 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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