Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
The historical rank and industry rank for R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co's Graham Number or its related term are showing as below:
RRD's Price-to-Graham-Number is not ranked *
in the Business Services industry.
Industry Median: 1.34 * Ranked among companies with meaningful Price-to-Graham-Number only.
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co Graham Number Historical Data
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Competitive Comparison of R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co's Graham Number
For the Specialty Business Services subindustry, R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co's Price-to-Graham-Number Distribution in the Business Services Industry
For the Business Services industry and Industrials sector, R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co Graham Number Calculation
Graham Number is a concept based on Ben Graham's conservative valuation of companies.
R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co's Graham Number for the fiscal year that ended in Dec. 2021 is calculated as
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co (NYSE:RRD) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Dec. 2021 )
=
10.84
/
N/A
=
N/A
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co Graham Number Related Terms
Thank you for viewing the detailed overview of R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co's Graham Number provided by GuruFocus.com. Please click on the following links to see related term pages.
R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co (R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co) Business Description
R.R.Donnelley & Sons Co provides integrated communication strategies by helping organizations communicate more effectively by working to create, manage and produce the content on behalf of its customers. It assists its customers in developing and executing multichannel communication strategies. The company carries its operations in the United States, Europe, Asia and other countries. The maximum earnings come from the U.S.A.
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