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Note: Financial institutions were excluded from the sample in Beneish paper when calculating Beneish M-Score. Thus, the prediction might not fit banks and insurance companies.
The zones of discrimination for M-Score is as such:
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
The historical rank and industry rank for Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust's Beneish M-Score or its related term are showing as below:
During the past 6 years, the highest Beneish M-Score of Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust was 0.00. The lowest was 0.00. And the median was 0.00.
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
= | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * | + | 0.528 * | + | 0.404 * | + | 0.892 * | + | 0.115 * | |
- | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI | |||||||
- | 0.172 * | + | 4.679 * | - | 0.327 * | |||||||
= |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
This Year (Apr23) TTM: | Last Year (Apr22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $7.43 Mil. Revenue was $11.04 Mil. Gross Profit was $11.04 Mil. Total Current Assets was $0.00 Mil. Total Assets was $549.39 Mil. Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $0.00 Mil. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $0.00 Mil. Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $0.44 Mil. Total Current Liabilities was $0.00 Mil. Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $21.41 Mil. Net Income was $10.70 Mil. Gross Profit was $0.00 Mil. Cash Flow from Operations was $62.70 Mil. |
Total Receivables was $20.82 Mil. Revenue was $-56.66 Mil. Gross Profit was $-56.66 Mil. Total Current Assets was $0.00 Mil. Total Assets was $639.77 Mil. Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $0.00 Mil. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $0.00 Mil. Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $0.46 Mil. Total Current Liabilities was $0.00 Mil. Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $56.10 Mil. |
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
= | (7.433 / 11.038) | / | (20.816 / -56.663) | |
= | 0.673401 | / | ||
= |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
= | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) | |
= | (-56.663 / -56.663) | / | (11.038 / 11.038) | |
= | / | 1 | ||
= |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
= | (1 - (0 + 0) / 549.39) | / | (1 - (0 + 0) / 639.77) | |
= | 1 | / | 1 | |
= |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
= | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 | |
= | 11.038 | / | -56.663 | |
= |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
= | (0 / (0 + 0)) | / | (0 / (0 + 0)) | |
= | / | |||
= |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
= | (0.444 / 11.038) | / | (0.459 / -56.663) | |
= | 0.040225 | / | ||
= |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
= | ((21.413 + 0) / 549.39) | / | ((56.101 + 0) / 639.77) | |
= | 0.038976 | / | 0.087689 | |
= |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
= | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t | |
= | (10.701 - 0 | - | 62.703) | / | 549.39 | |
= | -0.094654 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Thank you for viewing the detailed overview of Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust's Beneish M-Score provided by GuruFocus.com. Please click on the following links to see related term pages.
Stephen R Denny | officer: Head HR- Diversity & Inclusion, other: Putnam Investments | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
Aaron M Cooper | officer: Dir. Global Equity Research, other: Putnam Investments | 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
Manoj P Singh | director | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, ONE POST OFFICE SQUARE, BOSTON MA 02109 |
Carlo Forcione | officer: Head of Product and Strategy, other: Putnam Investments | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
Catherine Saunders | officer: Head,Corporate Sustainability, other: and Public Policy - Putnam Inv | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
Mona Sutphen | director | 777 HIDDEN RIDGE, IRVING TX 75038 |
Marie Pillai | director | C/O PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
Jacquelyn S Vanderbrug | officer: Headof Sustainability Strategy, other: Putnam Investments | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
Jennifer Murphy | director | LEGG MASON, INC., 100 INTERNATIONAL DRIVE, BALTIMORE MD 21202 |
Brendan T Murray | officer: Head of Global Inv. Strategies, other: Putnam Investments | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
Alan Mccormack | officer: Vice President and, other: Derivatives Risk Manager | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 16 ST. JAMES'S STREET, LONDON X0 SW1A 1ER |
Martin Lemaire | officer: Vice President and, other: Derivatives Risk Manager | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
Steven P Mckay | officer: Head of Global DCIO, other: Putnam Investments | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
Kaitlin May | officer: Head of Global Institutional, other: Management /Putnam Investments | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
Stephen J Tate | officer: General Counsel, other: Chief Legal Officer/Putnam Inv | PUTNAM INVESTMENTS, 100 FEDERAL STREET, BOSTON MA 02110 |
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