Seiko Epson Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Seiko Epson's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Seiko Epson Beneish M-Score Chart
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Seiko Epson Annual Data
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Trend |
Mar15 |
Mar16 |
Mar17 |
Mar18 |
Mar19 |
Mar20 |
Mar21 |
Mar22 |
Mar23 |
Mar24 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-3.08 |
-2.91 |
-2.47 |
-2.24 |
-2.74 |
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Seiko Epson Quarterly Data
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Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
Mar24 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.24 |
-2.52 |
-2.54 |
-2.70 |
-2.74 |
Competitive Comparison of Seiko Epson's Beneish M-Score
For the Computer Hardware subindustry, Seiko Epson's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Seiko Epson's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Hardware Industry
For the Hardware industry and Technology sector, Seiko Epson's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Seiko Epson's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Seiko Epson Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Seiko Epson for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.0675 | + | 0.528 * 1.0093 | + | 0.404 * 1.1008 | + | 0.892 * 0.9877 | + | 0.115 * 1.0385 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.068 | + | 4.679 * -0.079935 | - | 0.327 * 0.9178 |
| = | -2.74 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was 円212,781 Mil.
Revenue was 321897 + 353568 + 323693 + 314840 = 円1,313,998 Mil.
Gross Profit was 111608 + 131492 + 105829 + 107736 = 円456,665 Mil.
Total Current Assets was 円933,487 Mil.
Total Assets was 円1,413,094 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was 円377,333 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was 円68,682 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was 円391,944 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was 円372,395 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was 円175,095 Mil.
Net Income was 10148 + 14988 + 7291 + 20188 = 円52,615 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 円0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 51677 + 52384 + 34193 + 27316 = 円165,570 Mil.
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Total Receivables was 円201,801 Mil.
Revenue was 335927 + 361276 + 335253 + 297874 = 円1,330,330 Mil.
Gross Profit was 116941 + 128625 + 115442 + 105642 = 円466,650 Mil.
Total Current Assets was 円892,505 Mil.
Total Assets was 円1,341,575 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was 円360,866 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was 円68,696 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was 円371,544 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was 円371,635 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was 円194,668 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (212781 / 1313998) | / | (201801 / 1330330) |
| = | 0.161934 | / | 0.151692 |
| | = | 1.0675 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (466650 / 1330330) | / | (456665 / 1313998) |
| = | 0.350778 | / | 0.347539 |
| | = | 1.0093 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (933487 + 377333) / 1413094) | / | (1 - (892505 + 360866) / 1341575) |
| = | 0.072376 | / | 0.065747 |
| | = | 1.1008 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 1313998 | / | 1330330 |
| | = | 0.9877 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (68696 / (68696 + 360866)) | / | (68682 / (68682 + 377333)) |
| = | 0.159921 | / | 0.15399 |
| | = | 1.0385 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (391944 / 1313998) | / | (371544 / 1330330) |
| = | 0.298284 | / | 0.279287 |
| | = | 1.068 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((175095 + 372395) / 1413094) | / | ((194668 + 371635) / 1341575) |
| = | 0.387441 | / | 0.422118 |
| | = | 0.9178 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (52615 - 0 | - | 165570) | / | 1413094 |
| | = | -0.079935 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Seiko Epson has a M-score of -2.74 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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