Parmalat SpA Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Parmalat SpA's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Parmalat SpA Beneish M-Score Chart
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Parmalat SpA Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec08 |
Dec09 |
Dec10 |
Dec11 |
Dec12 |
Dec13 |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.90 |
-2.52 |
-2.55 |
-2.68 |
-2.68 |
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Parmalat SpA Semi-Annual Data
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Dec08 |
Jun09 |
Dec09 |
Jun10 |
Dec10 |
Jun11 |
Dec11 |
Jun12 |
Dec12 |
Jun13 |
Dec13 |
Jun14 |
Dec14 |
Jun15 |
Dec15 |
Jun16 |
Dec16 |
Jun17 |
Dec17 |
Jun18 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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0.22 |
-2.68 |
-2.47 |
-2.68 |
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Competitive Comparison of Parmalat SpA's Beneish M-Score
For the Packaged Foods subindustry, Parmalat SpA's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Parmalat SpA's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Consumer Packaged Goods Industry
For the Consumer Packaged Goods industry and Consumer Defensive sector, Parmalat SpA's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Parmalat SpA's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Parmalat SpA Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Parmalat SpA for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9411 | + | 0.528 * 0.9685 | + | 0.404 * 1.0873 | + | 0.892 * 1.1572 | + | 0.115 * 0.8879 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0059 | + | 4.679 * -0.043193 | - | 0.327 * 0.9251 |
| = | -2.57 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec17) TTM: | Last Year (Dec16) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $725 Mil.
Revenue was $7,946 Mil.
Gross Profit was $1,530 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $2,611 Mil.
Total Assets was $6,162 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $1,727 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $228 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $1,272 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $1,518 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $265 Mil.
Net Income was $122 Mil.
Gross Profit was $0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was $389 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $666 Mil.
Revenue was $6,867 Mil.
Gross Profit was $1,280 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $2,759 Mil.
Total Assets was $5,951 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $1,571 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $181 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $1,093 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $1,462 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $400 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (725.089 / 7946.391) | / | (665.823 / 6866.772) |
| = | 0.091248 | / | 0.096963 |
| | = | 0.9411 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (1280.485 / 6866.772) | / | (1529.941 / 7946.391) |
| = | 0.186476 | / | 0.192533 |
| | = | 0.9685 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (2610.651 + 1727.219) / 6162.012) | / | (1 - (2759.388 + 1571.414) / 5950.949) |
| = | 0.29603 | / | 0.27225 |
| | = | 1.0873 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 7946.391 | / | 6866.772 |
| | = | 1.1572 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (181.435 / (181.435 + 1571.414)) | / | (227.929 / (227.929 + 1727.219)) |
| = | 0.103509 | / | 0.116579 |
| | = | 0.8879 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (1272.308 / 7946.391) | / | (1093.038 / 6866.772) |
| = | 0.160111 | / | 0.159178 |
| | = | 1.0059 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((265.325 + 1517.751) / 6162.012) | / | ((399.789 + 1461.709) / 5950.949) |
| = | 0.289366 | / | 0.312807 |
| | = | 0.9251 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (122.367 - 0 | - | 388.521) | / | 6162.012 |
| | = | -0.043193 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Parmalat SpA has a M-score of -2.57 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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