Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co Beneish M-Score Chart
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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec12 |
Dec13 |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.98 |
-2.82 |
-3.36 |
-3.80 |
-2.18 |
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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co Quarterly Data
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Mar17 |
Jun17 |
Sep17 |
Dec17 |
Mar18 |
Jun18 |
Sep18 |
Dec18 |
Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-3.80 |
-3.61 |
-2.65 |
-2.48 |
-2.18 |
Competitive Comparison of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co's Beneish M-Score
For the Education & Training Services subindustry, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Education Industry
For the Education industry and Consumer Defensive sector, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.22 | + | 0.528 * 0.7726 | + | 0.404 * 0.9438 | + | 0.892 * 1.2503 | + | 0.115 * 0.9625 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.8058 | + | 4.679 * -0.018684 | - | 0.327 * 0.7741 |
| = | -2.18 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec21) TTM: | Last Year (Dec20) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $135 Mil.
Revenue was 178.805 + 417.13 + 308.672 + 146.195 = $1,051 Mil.
Gross Profit was 83.528 + 234.101 + 155.317 + 59.841 = $533 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $759 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,974 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $191 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $211 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $446 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $546 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $445 Mil.
Net Income was -48.426 + 95.359 + 218.628 + -51.983 = $214 Mil.
Non Operating Income was -1.247 + 5.479 + -20.561 + -0.874 = $-17 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 71.092 + 287.63 + -9.797 + -81.256 = $268 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $89 Mil.
Revenue was 141.167 + 331.205 + 216.239 + 151.843 = $840 Mil.
Gross Profit was 45.417 + 150.011 + 80.605 + 53.197 = $329 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $695 Mil.
Total Assets was $2,021 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $216 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $220 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $442 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $554 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $757 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (135.495 / 1050.802) | / | (88.83 / 840.454) |
| = | 0.128944 | / | 0.105693 |
| | = | 1.22 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (329.23 / 840.454) | / | (532.787 / 1050.802) |
| = | 0.391729 | / | 0.507029 |
| | = | 0.7726 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (759.434 + 191.017) / 1974.28) | / | (1 - (694.912 + 215.651) / 2021.126) |
| = | 0.518583 | / | 0.549477 |
| | = | 0.9438 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 1050.802 | / | 840.454 |
| | = | 1.2503 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (219.826 / (219.826 + 215.651)) | / | (210.682 / (210.682 + 191.017)) |
| = | 0.504794 | / | 0.524477 |
| | = | 0.9625 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (445.66 / 1050.802) | / | (442.355 / 840.454) |
| = | 0.424114 | / | 0.526329 |
| | = | 0.8058 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((445.005 + 546.011) / 1974.28) | / | ((756.706 + 553.842) / 2021.126) |
| = | 0.501963 | / | 0.648425 |
| | = | 0.7741 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (213.578 - -17.203 | - | 267.669) | / | 1974.28 |
| | = | -0.018684 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co has a M-score of -2.18 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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