Berkshire Hathaway Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Berkshire Hathaway for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.5543 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9776 | + | 0.892 * 1.9125 | + | 0.115 * 0.9253 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.612 | + | 4.679 * -0.200589 | - | 0.327 * 0.9408 |
| = | -2.95 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was C$59,299 Mil.
Revenue was 174662.904 + 85829.839 + 166824.33 + 164402.613 = C$591,720 Mil.
Gross Profit was 174662.904 + 85829.839 + 166824.33 + 164402.613 = C$591,720 Mil.
Total Current Assets was C$284,206 Mil.
Total Assets was C$1,435,482 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was C$290,581 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was C$16,829 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was C$38,607 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was C$80,762 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was C$164,931 Mil.
Net Income was 50409.278 + -17275.028 + 47712.683 + 48580.123 = C$129,427 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 88827.336 + 89874.255 + 88492.732 + 83945.205 = C$351,140 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 19319.04 + 18495.524 + 16519.812 + 11894.632 = C$66,229 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was C$55,942 Mil.
Revenue was 125708.797 + 84621.282 + 11884.673 + 87183.09 = C$309,398 Mil.
Gross Profit was 125708.797 + 84621.282 + 11884.673 + 87183.09 = C$309,398 Mil.
Total Current Assets was C$230,624 Mil.
Total Assets was C$1,288,490 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was C$267,577 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was C$14,278 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was C$32,986 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was C$70,975 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was C$163,448 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (59298.72 / 591719.686) | / | (55941.671 / 309397.842) |
| = | 0.100214 | / | 0.180808 |
| | = | 0.5543 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (309397.842 / 309397.842) | / | (591719.686 / 591719.686) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (284205.886 + 290581.169) / 1435482.485) | / | (1 - (230624.393 + 267576.952) / 1288489.702) |
| = | 0.599586 | / | 0.613345 |
| | = | 0.9776 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 591719.686 | / | 309397.842 |
| | = | 1.9125 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (14277.504 / (14277.504 + 267576.952)) | / | (16829.346 / (16829.346 + 290581.169)) |
| = | 0.050656 | / | 0.054746 |
| | = | 0.9253 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (38607.114 / 591719.686) | / | (32985.636 / 309397.842) |
| = | 0.065246 | / | 0.106612 |
| | = | 0.612 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((164930.938 + 80761.637) / 1435482.485) | / | ((163447.927 + 70974.832) / 1288489.702) |
| = | 0.171157 | / | 0.181936 |
| | = | 0.9408 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (129427.056 - 351139.528 | - | 66229.008) | / | 1435482.485 |
| | = | -0.200589 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Berkshire Hathaway has a M-score of -2.95 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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