Wells Fargo Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Wells Fargo for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.0882 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.943 | + | 0.892 * 1.081 | + | 0.115 * 1.0729 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9493 | + | 4.679 * -0.011093 | - | 0.327 * 1.0699 |
| = | -2.41 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €49,265 Mil.
Revenue was 18778.326 + 19543.009 + 18951.959 + 19360.886 = €76,634 Mil.
Gross Profit was 18778.326 + 19543.009 + 18951.959 + 19360.886 = €76,634 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €381,901 Mil.
Total Assets was €1,772,073 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €16,722 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €5,819 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €34,000 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €76,196 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €190,358 Mil.
Net Income was 3159.982 + 5403.679 + 4557.774 + 4661.594 = €17,783 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 16691.234 + 14528.185 + -696.865 + 6917.204 = €37,440 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was €41,879 Mil.
Revenue was 18912.096 + 19761.66 + 16119.84 + 16097.024 = €70,891 Mil.
Gross Profit was 18912.096 + 19761.66 + 16119.84 + 16097.024 = €70,891 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €299,356 Mil.
Total Assets was €1,775,683 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €16,970 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €6,500 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €33,130 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €84,562 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €165,077 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (49264.908 / 76634.18) | / | (41878.672 / 70890.62) |
| = | 0.642858 | / | 0.590751 |
| | = | 1.0882 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (70890.62 / 70890.62) | / | (76634.18 / 76634.18) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (381901.156 + 16722.412) / 1772073.156) | / | (1 - (299355.616 + 16970.288) / 1775682.88) |
| = | 0.775052 | / | 0.821857 |
| | = | 0.943 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 76634.18 | / | 70890.62 |
| | = | 1.081 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (6500.016 / (6500.016 + 16970.288)) | / | (5818.599 / (5818.599 + 16722.412)) |
| = | 0.276946 | / | 0.258134 |
| | = | 1.0729 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (33999.579 / 76634.18) | / | (33129.634 / 70890.62) |
| = | 0.443661 | / | 0.467335 |
| | = | 0.9493 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((190358.196 + 76196.281) / 1772073.156) | / | ((165077.28 + 84561.632) / 1775682.88) |
| = | 0.15042 | / | 0.140588 |
| | = | 1.0699 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (17783.029 - 0 | - | 37439.758) | / | 1772073.156 |
| | = | -0.011093 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Wells Fargo has a M-score of -2.41 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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