Acushnet Holdings Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Acushnet Holdings's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Acushnet Holdings Beneish M-Score Chart
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Acushnet Holdings Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.38 |
-2.88 |
-2.87 |
-1.75 |
-2.92 |
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Acushnet Holdings Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-1.75 |
-2.04 |
-2.34 |
-2.57 |
-2.92 |
Competitive Comparison of Acushnet Holdings's Beneish M-Score
For the Leisure subindustry, Acushnet Holdings's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Acushnet Holdings's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Travel & Leisure Industry
For the Travel & Leisure industry and Consumer Cyclical sector, Acushnet Holdings's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Acushnet Holdings's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Acushnet Holdings Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Acushnet Holdings for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.8856 | + | 0.528 * 0.9878 | + | 0.404 * 1.0264 | + | 0.892 * 1.0492 | + | 0.115 * 0.9506 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0157 | + | 4.679 * -0.07815 | - | 0.327 * 1.0421 |
| = | -2.92 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $201 Mil.
Revenue was 412.961 + 593.381 + 689.363 + 686.29 = $2,382 Mil.
Gross Profit was 209.794 + 308.522 + 368.523 + 365.672 = $1,253 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $997 Mil.
Total Assets was $2,197 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $295 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $51 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $888 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $451 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $672 Mil.
Net Income was -26.808 + 57.307 + 74.655 + 93.275 = $198 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0.283 + -0.918 + -0.428 + -0.664 = $-2 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 74.897 + 177.313 + 206.035 + -86.418 = $372 Mil.
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Total Receivables was $217 Mil.
Revenue was 447.404 + 558.246 + 658.599 + 606.087 = $2,270 Mil.
Gross Profit was 223.633 + 294.995 + 343.606 + 316.999 = $1,179 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $1,059 Mil.
Total Assets was $2,194 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $254 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $42 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $833 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $549 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $528 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (201.352 / 2381.995) | / | (216.695 / 2270.336) |
| = | 0.084531 | / | 0.095446 |
| | = | 0.8856 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (1179.233 / 2270.336) | / | (1252.511 / 2381.995) |
| = | 0.519409 | / | 0.525824 |
| | = | 0.9878 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (996.692 + 295.343) / 2196.677) | / | (1 - (1059.076 + 254.472) / 2193.807) |
| = | 0.411823 | / | 0.401247 |
| | = | 1.0264 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 2381.995 | / | 2270.336 |
| | = | 1.0492 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (41.706 / (41.706 + 254.472)) | / | (51.356 / (51.356 + 295.343)) |
| = | 0.140814 | / | 0.148128 |
| | = | 0.9506 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (888.145 / 2381.995) | / | (833.422 / 2270.336) |
| = | 0.372858 | / | 0.367092 |
| | = | 1.0157 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((671.819 + 451.135) / 2196.677) | / | ((527.509 + 548.625) / 2193.807) |
| = | 0.511206 | / | 0.490533 |
| | = | 1.0421 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (198.429 - -1.727 | - | 371.827) | / | 2196.677 |
| | = | -0.07815 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Acushnet Holdings has a M-score of -2.92 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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