Triple-S Management Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Triple-S Management for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.7818 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.1759 | + | 0.892 * 1.161 | + | 0.115 * 1.0862 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.7936 | + | 4.679 * -0.027322 | - | 0.327 * 0.8201 |
| = | -2.49 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Sep21) TTM: | Last Year (Sep20) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $496 Mil.
Revenue was 1049.256 + 1027.441 + 1039.503 + 999.02 = $4,115 Mil.
Gross Profit was 1049.256 + 1027.441 + 1039.503 + 999.02 = $4,115 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $1,909 Mil.
Total Assets was $3,192 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $138 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $14 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $613 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $390 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $49 Mil.
Net Income was 8.167 + 23.56 + 23.31 + 26.154 = $81 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 15.01 + 6.668 + 5.887 + 5.965 = $34 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 25.742 + 6.264 + 68.693 + 34.164 = $135 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $547 Mil.
Revenue was 956.264 + 904.38 + 842.774 + 841.042 = $3,544 Mil.
Gross Profit was 956.264 + 904.38 + 842.774 + 841.042 = $3,544 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $2,039 Mil.
Total Assets was $3,120 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $130 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $15 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $665 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $470 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $54 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (496.477 / 4115.22) | / | (546.959 / 3544.46) |
| = | 0.120644 | / | 0.154314 |
| | = | 0.7818 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (3544.46 / 3544.46) | / | (4115.22 / 4115.22) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (1909.42 + 137.762) / 3191.666) | / | (1 - (2038.562 + 130.22) / 3120.287) |
| = | 0.358585 | / | 0.304942 |
| | = | 1.1759 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 4115.22 | / | 3544.46 |
| | = | 1.161 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (14.726 / (14.726 + 130.22)) | / | (14.215 / (14.215 + 137.762)) |
| = | 0.101596 | / | 0.093534 |
| | = | 1.0862 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (613.11 / 4115.22) | / | (665.446 / 3544.46) |
| = | 0.148986 | / | 0.187743 |
| | = | 0.7936 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((49.498 + 389.918) / 3191.666) | / | ((53.836 + 469.965) / 3120.287) |
| = | 0.137676 | / | 0.167869 |
| | = | 0.8201 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (81.191 - 33.53 | - | 134.863) | / | 3191.666 |
| | = | -0.027322 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Triple-S Management has a M-score of -2.49 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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