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The zones of discrimination for M-Score is as such:
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Good Sign:
Beneish M-Score -2.71 no higher than -1.78, which implies that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
The historical rank and industry rank for Eastman Kodak Co's Beneish M-Score or its related term are showing as below:
During the past 13 years, the highest Beneish M-Score of Eastman Kodak Co was -1.97. The lowest was -3.22. And the median was -2.36.
The historical data trend for Eastman Kodak Co's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Eastman Kodak Co Annual Data | |||||||||||||||||||||
Trend | Dec14 | Dec15 | Dec16 | Dec17 | Dec18 | Dec19 | Dec20 | Dec21 | Dec22 | Dec23 | |||||||||||
Beneish M-Score | Get a 7-Day Free Trial | -2.08 | -3.22 | -2.31 | -2.25 | -2.71 |
Eastman Kodak Co Quarterly Data | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mar19 | Jun19 | Sep19 | Dec19 | Mar20 | Jun20 | Sep20 | Dec20 | Mar21 | Jun21 | Sep21 | Dec21 | Mar22 | Jun22 | Sep22 | Dec22 | Mar23 | Jun23 | Sep23 | Dec23 | |
Beneish M-Score | Get a 7-Day Free Trial | -2.25 | -2.49 | -2.77 | -2.57 | -2.71 |
For the Specialty Business Services subindustry, Eastman Kodak Co's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
For the Business Services industry and Industrials sector, Eastman Kodak Co's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Eastman Kodak Co's Beneish M-Score falls into.
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Eastman Kodak Co for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
= | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.1885 | + | 0.528 * 0.7504 | + | 0.404 * 0.993 | + | 0.892 * 0.927 | + | 0.115 * 0.9972 | |
- | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI | |||||||
- | 0.172 * 1.1211 | + | 4.679 * -0.027176 | - | 0.327 * 1.1583 | |||||||
= | -2.71 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $195 Mil. Revenue was 275 + 269 + 295 + 278 = $1,117 Mil. Gross Profit was 47 + 50 + 63 + 50 = $210 Mil. Total Current Assets was $712 Mil. Total Assets was $2,355 Mil. Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $199 Mil. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $30 Mil. Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $159 Mil. Total Current Liabilities was $283 Mil. Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $481 Mil. Net Income was 5 + 2 + 35 + 33 = $75 Mil. Non Operating Income was 18 + 11 + 33 + 39 = $101 Mil. Cash Flow from Operations was 17 + 0 + 7 + 14 = $38 Mil. |
Total Receivables was $177 Mil. Revenue was 305 + 289 + 321 + 290 = $1,205 Mil. Gross Profit was 43 + 43 + 51 + 33 = $170 Mil. Total Current Assets was $681 Mil. Total Assets was $2,285 Mil. Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $193 Mil. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $29 Mil. Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $153 Mil. Total Current Liabilities was $293 Mil. Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $347 Mil. |
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
= | (195 / 1117) | / | (177 / 1205) | |
= | 0.174575 | / | 0.146888 | |
= | 1.1885 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
= | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) | |
= | (170 / 1205) | / | (210 / 1117) | |
= | 0.141079 | / | 0.188004 | |
= | 0.7504 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
= | (1 - (712 + 199) / 2355) | / | (1 - (681 + 193) / 2285) | |
= | 0.613163 | / | 0.617505 | |
= | 0.993 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
= | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 | |
= | 1117 | / | 1205 | |
= | 0.927 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
= | (29 / (29 + 193)) | / | (30 / (30 + 199)) | |
= | 0.130631 | / | 0.131004 | |
= | 0.9972 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
= | (159 / 1117) | / | (153 / 1205) | |
= | 0.142346 | / | 0.126971 | |
= | 1.1211 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
= | ((481 + 283) / 2355) | / | ((347 + 293) / 2285) | |
= | 0.324416 | / | 0.280088 | |
= | 1.1583 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
= | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t | |
= | (75 - 101 | - | 38) | / | 2355 | |
= | -0.027176 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Eastman Kodak Co has a M-score of -2.71 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
Thank you for viewing the detailed overview of Eastman Kodak Co's Beneish M-Score provided by GuruFocus.com. Please click on the following links to see related term pages.
Philippe D Katz | director | 160 BROADWAY, NEW YORK NY 10038 |
David Bovenzi | director | C/O EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, 343 STATE STREET, ROCHESTER NY 14650 |
Michael Sileck | director | C/O WORLD WRESTLING ENTERTAINMENT, INC., 1241 EAST MAIN STREET, STAMFORD CT 06902 |
Randy Vandagriff | officer: Vice President | EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, 343 STATE STREET, ROCHESTER NY 14650 |
Kennedy Lewis Investment Management Llc | director | 80 BROAD STREET, 22ND FLOOR, NEW YORK NY 10004 |
Kennedy Lewis Capital Partners Master Fund Lp | director | 80 BROAD STREET, 22ND FLOOR, NEW YORK NY 10004 |
Kennedy Lewis Capital Partners Master Fund Iii Lp | director | 111 WEST 33RD STREET, SUITE 1910, NEW YORK NY 10120 |
Kennedy Lewis Gp Iii Llc | director | 111 WEST 33RD STREET, SUITE 1910, NEW YORK NY 10120 |
Kathleen B. Lynch | director | C/O EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, 343 STATE STREET, ROCHESTER NY 14650 |
Richard T Michaels | officer: CAO and Corp. Controller | C/O EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, 343 STATE STREET, ROCHESTER NY 14650 |
Darren Richman | director | 80 BROAD STREET, 22ND FLOOR, NEW YORK NY 10004 |
David Chene | director | 80 BROAD STREET, 22ND FLOOR, NEW YORK NY 10004 |
Kennedy Lewis Management Lp | director | 225 LIBERTY STREET, SUITE 4210, NEW YORK NY 10281 |
Klm Gp Llc | director | 80 BROAD STREET, 22ND FLOOR, NEW YORK NY 10004 |
Kennedy Lewis Investment Holdings Llc | director | 111 WEST 33RD STREET, SUITE 1910, NEW YORK NY 10120 |
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