Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Competitive Comparison of Assicurazioni Generali's Graham Number
For the Insurance - Diversified subindustry, Assicurazioni Generali's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Assicurazioni Generali's Price-to-Graham-Number Distribution in the Insurance Industry
For the Insurance industry and Financial Services sector, Assicurazioni Generali's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Assicurazioni Generali's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
Assicurazioni Generali Graham Number Calculation
Graham Number is a concept based on Ben Graham's conservative valuation of companies.
Assicurazioni Generali's Graham Number for the fiscal year that ended in Dec. 2022 is calculated as
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Assicurazioni Generali (OTCPK:ARZGY) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Assicurazioni Generali's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Sep. 2023 )
=
12.338
/
N/A
=
N/A
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Assicurazioni Generali Graham Number Related Terms
Thank you for viewing the detailed overview of Assicurazioni Generali's Graham Number provided by GuruFocus.com. Please click on the following links to see related term pages.
Assicurazioni Generali (Assicurazioni Generali) Business Description
The roots of Generali date back to the 1830s and the Bora wind and rough seas that hit the Trieste region. Over that decade Generali sought to expand throughout Italy, but this growth was held back by the fragmented nature of Italy. The Italian Revolution in the 1840s paved the way for easier expansion in the country. After the First World War Trieste was eventually handed back to Italy. The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire created a fragmented Europe and a fragmented Generali. While to this day Generali remains quite a diversified company, its core operations remain in historical Austro-Hungarian countries of Italy, Germany, Austria, and Central and Eastern Europe. This is the case in Generali's nonlife business. France is also an important contributor to life and savings.
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