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Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
FRA:E5D's Price-to-Graham-Number is not ranked *
in the Software industry.
Industry Median: 1.895 * Ranked among companies with meaningful Price-to-Graham-Number only.
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) (FRA:E5D) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai)'s Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Dec. 2025 )
=
14.03
/
N/A
=
N/A
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) Graham Number Related Terms
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) Graham Number Historical Data
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) Graham Number Chart
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) Annual Data
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Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) Semi-Annual Data
Dec22
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Graham Number
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FRA:E5D vs QH, SHOP, UBER: Graham Number Comparison
For the Software - Application subindustry, Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai)'s Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) Price-to-Graham-Number vs Software Industry
For the Software industry and Technology sector, Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai)'s Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai)'s Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) (FRA:E5D) has a Graham Number of €N/A as of Dec. 2025. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) and its competitors. According to the industry distribution chart, Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) ranks #999999 out of 1486 companies in the Software industry.
Is Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai)'s Graham Number too high?
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai)'s current Graham Number is €N/A. Based on the distribution chart, Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) ranks #999999 out of 1486 companies in the Software industry, which is in the bottom quartile relative to peers. Overall, Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) has a GF Score™ of 8/100, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai)'s Graham Number compare to QH and SHOP?
According to the Software industry distribution chart, Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) ranks #999999 out of 1486 companies for Graham Number. This places Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) in the lower half of its industry. The industry median Graham Number is 1.90. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Graham Number for a Software company?
The median Graham Number among Software companies is 1.90, based on 1,486 companies in the industry. Companies in the top quartile (top 25%) have a Graham Number significantly above this median, while those in the bottom quartile fall well below. However, Graham Number should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Graham Number mean?
A high Graham Number can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) and its competitors. For the Software industry, the median Graham Number is 1.90 — values significantly above this may indicate overvaluation, while values below may suggest a bargain or underlying issues. Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai)'s current Graham Number is €N/A. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) stock overvalued right now?
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) (FRA:E5D) has a current Graham Number of €N/A. The current Graham Number is €N/A. Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai)'s overall GF Score™ is 8/100 with 2 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Graham Number calculated?
Graham Number is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) (FRA:E5D), the current Graham Number is €N/A as of Dec. 2025. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Pateo Connect Technology (Shanghai) Corp is a smart cockpit solution provider in China. The company is a integrated IoV service provider offering active safety systems, automotive electronics, low-level automotive software, intelligent operating system (OS), application software, domestic & international Internet automobile ecosystem, mobile phone connectivity, communications operation, TSP platform development & operation services, cloud computing, big data, content services integration & operation, map engine software & cloud architecture, embedded voice & cloud platform solutions, to AI (Artificial Intelligence). Its segments include Smart cockpit solutions, Vehicle connectivity support services, and Others.
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