Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Competitive Comparison of Expert Systems Holdings's Graham Number
For the Information Technology Services subindustry, Expert Systems Holdings's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Expert Systems Holdings's Price-to-Graham-Number Distribution in the Software Industry
For the Software industry and Technology sector, Expert Systems Holdings's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Expert Systems Holdings's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
Expert Systems Holdings Graham Number Calculation
Graham Number is a concept based on Ben Graham's conservative valuation of companies.
Expert Systems Holdings's Graham Number for the fiscal year that ended in Mar. 2023 is calculated as
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Expert Systems Holdings (HKSE:08319) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Expert Systems Holdings's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Sep. 2023 )
=
0.115
/
0.16
=
0.74
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Expert Systems Holdings Graham Number Related Terms
Thank you for viewing the detailed overview of Expert Systems Holdings's Graham Number provided by GuruFocus.com. Please click on the following links to see related term pages.
Expert Systems Holdings (HKSE:08319) Business Description
Expert Systems Holdings Ltd is an investment holding company. Along with its subsidiaries, the company is principally engaged in the provision of IT infrastructure solutions .The operating segments of the Company are the provision of IT infrastructure solutions, the provision of IT infrastructure management services and the provision of AI business. Its products and solutions comprise server and storage consolidation, backup and restore, desktop management, networking, infrastructure and management, and information security. The company serves a diverse range of markets including banking, finance, insurance, telecommunications, media, Hotel and government sector. The company's operations are carried out in Hong Kong and Macau. Hong Kong contributes to the vast majority of total revenue.
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