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Dr. Charlie Tian is the founder and CEO of GuruFocus.com, a leading global investment research platform established in 2004. With a Ph.D. in physics, Dr. Tian transitioned from science to finance, applying a data-driven, disciplined approach to value investing.
Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
As of today (2026-09-13), the stock price of Nepa AB is kr15.95. Nepa AB's graham number for the quarter that ended in Jun. 2026 was krN/A. Therefore, Nepa AB's Price to Graham Number ratio for today is N/A.
The historical rank and industry rank for Nepa AB's Graham Number or its related term are showing as below:
During the past 12 years, the highest Price to Graham Number ratio of Nepa AB was 8.50. The lowest was 1.87. And the median was 2.73.
OSTO:NEPA's Price-to-Graham-Number is not ranked *
in the Business Services industry.
Industry Median: 1.15 * Ranked among companies with meaningful Price-to-Graham-Number only.
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Nepa AB's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Jun. 2026 )
=
15.95
/
N/A
=
N/A
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Nepa AB Graham Number Related Terms
Nepa AB Graham Number Historical Data
* Premium members only.
The historical data trend for Nepa AB's Graham Number can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
OSTO:NEPA vs CTAS, CPRT, GPN: Graham Number Comparison
For the Specialty Business Services subindustry, Nepa AB's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Nepa AB Price-to-Graham-Number vs Business Services Industry
For the Business Services industry and Industrials sector, Nepa AB's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Nepa AB's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Nepa AB (OSTO:NEPA) has a Graham Number of krN/A as of Jun. 2026. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Nepa AB and its competitors. According to the industry distribution chart, Nepa AB ranks #999999 out of 704 companies in the Business Services industry.
Is Nepa AB's Graham Number too high?
Nepa AB's current Graham Number is krN/A. Based on the distribution chart, Nepa AB ranks #999999 out of 704 companies in the Business Services industry, which is in the bottom quartile relative to peers. Overall, Nepa AB has a GF Score™ of 61/100 and is considered Modestly Undervalued, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Nepa AB's Graham Number compare to CTAS and CPRT?
According to the Business Services industry distribution chart, Nepa AB ranks #999999 out of 704 companies for Graham Number. This places Nepa AB in the lower half of its industry. The industry median Graham Number is 1.15. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Graham Number for a Business Services company?
The median Graham Number among Business Services companies is 1.15, based on 704 companies in the industry. Companies in the top quartile (top 25%) have a Graham Number significantly above this median, while those in the bottom quartile fall well below. However, Graham Number should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Graham Number mean?
A high Graham Number can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Nepa AB and its competitors. For the Business Services industry, the median Graham Number is 1.15 — values significantly above this may indicate overvaluation, while values below may suggest a bargain or underlying issues. Nepa AB's current Graham Number is krN/A. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Nepa AB stock overvalued right now?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Nepa AB (OSTO:NEPA) is currently considered Modestly Undervalued. The stock's GF Value™ is kr21.04, compared to a current price of kr15.95 — trading 24.2% below its estimated fair value. The current Graham Number is krN/A. Nepa AB's overall GF Score™ is 61/100 with 2 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Graham Number calculated?
Graham Number is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Nepa AB (OSTO:NEPA), the current Graham Number is krN/A as of Jun. 2026. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Is Nepa AB (OSTO:NEPA) Overvalued in 2026?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Nepa AB stock appears to be undervalued.
The current stock price of kr15.95 is trading 24.2% below its estimated GF Value™ of kr21.04.
GuruFocus considers Nepa AB to be Modestly Undervalued.
Key valuation signals for OSTO:NEPA:
Graham Number: krN/A
GF Value™: kr21.04 vs. price of kr15.95 (24.2% below fair value)
No single metric tells the full story. See the OSTO:NEPA stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.
Nepa AB is a marketing intelligence company in brand development and marketing optimization. Its offerings include brand tracking, campaign evaluations, and continuous media mix modelling, along with value-creating brand advisory services. The marketing intelligence suite offers product solutions for consumer brands to maximize short-term sales and build enduring brands. The Marketing Optimization segment, which derives the majority revenue, includes the subscription products Brand and Ad tracker, and Continuous Marketing Mix Modeling, as well as ad hoc-based advisory services such as Campaign Evaluation, Category Insight, and Market Segmentation. The Other segment comprises Nepa's tracking products and advisory services within Customer Experience, Innovation Acceleration, and panels.
61GF Score
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