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Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
As of today (2026-08-15), the stock price of Summa Defence Oyj is kr4.58. Summa Defence Oyj's graham number for the quarter that ended in Dec. 2025 was krN/A. Therefore, Summa Defence Oyj's Price to Graham Number ratio for today is N/A.
The historical rank and industry rank for Summa Defence Oyj's Graham Number or its related term are showing as below:
OSTO:SUMMAS's Price-to-Graham-Number is not ranked *
in the Aerospace & Defense industry.
Industry Median: 3.26 * Ranked among companies with meaningful Price-to-Graham-Number only.
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
Summa Defence Oyj (OSTO:SUMMAS) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Summa Defence Oyj's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Dec. 2025 )
=
4.58
/
N/A
=
N/A
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Summa Defence Oyj Graham Number Related Terms
Summa Defence Oyj Graham Number Historical Data
* Premium members only.
The historical data trend for Summa Defence Oyj's Graham Number can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
OSTO:SUMMAS vs SPCX, GE, RTX: Graham Number Comparison
For the Aerospace & Defense subindustry, Summa Defence Oyj's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Summa Defence Oyj Price-to-Graham-Number vs Aerospace & Defense Industry
For the Aerospace & Defense industry and Industrials sector, Summa Defence Oyj's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Summa Defence Oyj's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Summa Defence Oyj (OSTO:SUMMAS) has a Graham Number of krN/A as of Dec. 2025. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Summa Defence Oyj and its competitors. According to the industry distribution chart, Summa Defence Oyj ranks #999999 out of 217 companies in the Aerospace & Defense industry.
Is Summa Defence Oyj's Graham Number too high?
Summa Defence Oyj's current Graham Number is krN/A. Based on the distribution chart, Summa Defence Oyj ranks #999999 out of 217 companies in the Aerospace & Defense industry, which is in the bottom quartile relative to peers. Overall, Summa Defence Oyj has a GF Score™ of 48/100 and is considered Possible Value Trap, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Summa Defence Oyj's Graham Number compare to SPCX and GE?
According to the Aerospace & Defense industry distribution chart, Summa Defence Oyj ranks #999999 out of 217 companies for Graham Number. This places Summa Defence Oyj in the lower half of its industry. The industry median Graham Number is 3.26. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Graham Number for an Aerospace & Defense company?
The median Graham Number among Aerospace & Defense companies is 3.26, based on 217 companies in the industry. Companies in the top quartile (top 25%) have a Graham Number significantly above this median, while those in the bottom quartile fall well below. However, Graham Number should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Graham Number mean?
A high Graham Number can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Summa Defence Oyj and its competitors. For the Aerospace & Defense industry, the median Graham Number is 3.26 — values significantly above this may indicate overvaluation, while values below may suggest a bargain or underlying issues. Summa Defence Oyj's current Graham Number is krN/A. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Summa Defence Oyj stock overvalued right now?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Summa Defence Oyj (OSTO:SUMMAS) is currently considered Possible Value Trap. The stock's GF Value™ is kr13.46, compared to a current price of kr4.58 — trading 66% below its estimated fair value. The current Graham Number is krN/A. Summa Defence Oyj's overall GF Score™ is 48/100 with 6 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Graham Number calculated?
Graham Number is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Summa Defence Oyj (OSTO:SUMMAS), the current Graham Number is krN/A as of Dec. 2025. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Is Summa Defence Oyj (OSTO:SUMMAS) Overvalued in 2026?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Summa Defence Oyj stock appears to be undervalued.
The current stock price of kr4.58 is trading 66% below its estimated GF Value™ of kr13.46.
GuruFocus considers Summa Defence Oyj to be Possible Value Trap.
Key valuation signals for OSTO:SUMMAS:
Graham Number: krN/A
GF Value™: kr13.46 vs. price of kr4.58 (66% below fair value)
No single metric tells the full story. See the OSTO:SUMMAS stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.
Summa Defence Oyj is a Finnish defense and security technology group supporting industry growth and strengthening industrial production capacity amid geopolitical change. Summa Defence focuses on dual-use technologies related to security of supply, situational awareness, mobility, and defense, which benefit the civilian, security, and defense sectors while strengthening comprehensive security, security of supply, and crisis management capabilities. Its products includes Multipurpose vessels, Multipurpose machinery, Watermaster, containers and modular spaces, Drones, XR near-eye display solutions, Griselda - Intelligence data fusion platform, and Renewable energy.
48GF Score
Get the complete analysis for OSTO:SUMMAS
Graham Number is just one metric. See GF Value™, 30-year financials, guru trades, warning signs, and more.
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