Federal Home Loan Mortgage Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Federal Home Loan Mortgage for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.5406 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1 | + | 0.892 * 3.2108 | + | 0.115 * 1 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.9748 | + | 4.679 * 0.000462 | - | 0.327 * 0.9941 |
| = | -0.00 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was ARS8,464,598 Mil.
Revenue was 4850272.582 + 1939653.002 + 1991215.555 + 1281359.99 = ARS10,062,501 Mil.
Gross Profit was 4850272.582 + 1939653.002 + 1991215.555 + 1281359.99 = ARS10,062,501 Mil.
Total Current Assets was ARS0 Mil.
Total Assets was ARS2,769,611,800 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was ARS0 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was ARS0 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was ARS745,821 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was ARS0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was ARS2,703,424,998 Mil.
Net Income was 2330355.04 + 1051954.001 + 939615.776 + 706559.994 = ARS5,028,485 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = ARS0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 2438195.041 + 679763.001 + 254063.707 + 377039.997 = ARS3,749,062 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was ARS1,711,178 Mil.
Revenue was 953573.872 + 810252.428 + 719899.939 + 650263.329 = ARS3,133,990 Mil.
Gross Profit was 953573.872 + 810252.428 + 719899.939 + 650263.329 = ARS3,133,990 Mil.
Total Current Assets was ARS0 Mil.
Total Assets was ARS637,094,814 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was ARS0 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was ARS0 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was ARS238,285 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was ARS0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was ARS625,551,374 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (8464597.644 / 10062501.129) | / | (1711178.14 / 3133989.568) |
| = | 0.841202 | / | 0.546006 |
| | = | 1.5406 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (3133989.568 / 3133989.568) | / | (10062501.129 / 10062501.129) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 0) / 2769611799.583) | / | (1 - (0 + 0) / 637094813.828) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 10062501.129 | / | 3133989.568 |
| | = | 3.2108 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (0 / (0 + 0)) | / | (0 / (0 + 0)) |
| = | | / | |
| | = | 1 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (745820.609 / 10062501.129) | / | (238284.93 / 3133989.568) |
| = | 0.074119 | / | 0.076032 |
| | = | 0.9748 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((2703424998.458 + 0) / 2769611799.583) | / | ((625551374.41 + 0) / 637094813.828) |
| = | 0.976102 | / | 0.981881 |
| | = | 0.9941 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (5028484.811 - 0 | - | 3749061.746) | / | 2769611799.583 |
| | = | 0.000462 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
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