Leading Holdings Group Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Leading Holdings Group's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Leading Holdings Group Beneish M-Score Chart
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Leading Holdings Group Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
Dec24 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-1.67 |
-1.77 |
-4.43 |
-3.99 |
-0.10 |
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Leading Holdings Group Semi-Annual Data
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Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Jun20 |
Dec20 |
Jun21 |
Dec21 |
Jun22 |
Dec22 |
Jun23 |
Dec23 |
Jun24 |
Dec24 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-4.43 |
0.00 |
-3.99 |
0.00 |
-0.10 |
Leading Holdings Group Beneish M-Score Competitor Comparison
For the Real Estate - Development subindustry, Leading Holdings Group's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Leading Holdings Group Beneish M-Score vs Real Estate Industry
For the Real Estate industry and Real Estate sector, Leading Holdings Group's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Leading Holdings Group's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Leading Holdings Group Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Leading Holdings Group for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9984 | + | 0.528 * 7.1704 | + | 0.404 * 1.1001 | + | 0.892 * 0.4734 | + | 0.115 * 0.6153 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.7903 | + | 4.679 * -0.084574 | - | 0.327 * 1.0712 |
| = | -0.08 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec24) TTM: | Last Year (Dec23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €218 Mil.
Revenue was €1,124 Mil.
Gross Profit was €15 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €2,475 Mil.
Total Assets was €2,967 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €4 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €7 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €63 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €2,572 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €318 Mil.
Net Income was €-273 Mil.
Gross Profit was €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was €-22 Mil.
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Total Receivables was €462 Mil.
Revenue was €2,375 Mil.
Gross Profit was €227 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €3,709 Mil.
Total Assets was €4,373 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €9 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €6 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €168 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €3,700 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €276 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (218.407 / 1124.309) | / | (462.13 / 2375.082) |
| = | 0.194259 | / | 0.194574 |
| | = | 0.9984 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (226.776 / 2375.082) | / | (14.971 / 1124.309) |
| = | 0.095481 | / | 0.013316 |
| | = | 7.1704 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (2474.72 + 4.126) / 2967.44) | / | (1 - (3708.957 + 9.14) / 4372.551) |
| = | 0.164652 | / | 0.149673 |
| | = | 1.1001 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 1124.309 | / | 2375.082 |
| | = | 0.4734 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (5.544 / (5.544 + 9.14)) | / | (6.551 / (6.551 + 4.126)) |
| = | 0.377554 | / | 0.613562 |
| | = | 0.6153 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (62.839 / 1124.309) | / | (167.976 / 2375.082) |
| = | 0.055891 | / | 0.070724 |
| | = | 0.7903 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((318.438 + 2572.09) / 2967.44) | / | ((276.105 + 3699.916) / 4372.551) |
| = | 0.974081 | / | 0.909314 |
| | = | 1.0712 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (-273.453 - 0 | - | -22.485) | / | 2967.44 |
| | = | -0.084574 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Leading Holdings Group has a M-score of -0.08 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
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