Evercore Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Evercore for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.2373 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9704 | + | 0.892 * 0.8999 | + | 0.115 * -34.6795 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.1011 | + | 4.679 * -0.10202 | - | 0.327 * 1.1087 |
| = | -7.00 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar24) TTM: | Last Year (Mar23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €333 Mil.
Revenue was 534.35 + 719.081 + 534.296 + 460.964 = €2,249 Mil.
Gross Profit was 534.35 + 719.081 + 534.296 + 460.964 = €2,249 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €0 Mil.
Total Assets was €2,766 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €461 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €-1 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €1,549 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €738 Mil.
Net Income was 78.838 + 75.88 + 48.863 + 34.34 = €238 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = €0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was -258.723 + 381.133 + 232.257 + 165.391 = €520 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was €299 Mil.
Revenue was 534.382 + 784.785 + 582.706 + 596.847 = €2,499 Mil.
Gross Profit was 534.382 + 784.785 + 582.706 + 596.847 = €2,499 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €0 Mil.
Total Assets was €2,569 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €363 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €26 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €1,564 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €618 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (332.618 / 2248.691) | / | (298.721 / 2498.72) |
| = | 0.147916 | / | 0.11955 |
| | = | 1.2373 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (2498.72 / 2498.72) | / | (2248.691 / 2248.691) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 461.198) / 2765.509) | / | (1 - (0 + 363.145) / 2568.941) |
| = | 0.833232 | / | 0.85864 |
| | = | 0.9704 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 2248.691 | / | 2498.72 |
| | = | 0.8999 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (25.659 / (25.659 + 363.145)) | / | (-0.876 / (-0.876 + 461.198)) |
| = | 0.065995 | / | -0.001903 |
| | = | -34.6795 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (1549.486 / 2248.691) | / | (1563.707 / 2498.72) |
| = | 0.689061 | / | 0.625803 |
| | = | 1.1011 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((737.853 + 0) / 2765.509) | / | ((618.188 + 0) / 2568.941) |
| = | 0.266805 | / | 0.240639 |
| | = | 1.1087 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (237.921 - 0 | - | 520.058) | / | 2765.509 |
| | = | -0.10202 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Evercore has a M-score of -7.00 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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