Focused on building reliable datasets, financial models, and research tools for value-minded investors. Committed to turning complex data into practical guidance for value-investing and long-term wealth.
Dr. Charlie Tian is the founder and CEO of GuruFocus.com, a leading global investment research platform established in 2004. With a Ph.D. in physics, Dr. Tian transitioned from science to finance, applying a data-driven, disciplined approach to value investing.
The zones of discrimination for M-Score is as such:
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Good Sign:
Beneish M-Score -2.47 no higher than -1.78, which implies that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
The historical rank and industry rank for CAles Holdings's Beneish M-Score or its related term are showing as below:
JSE:CAA'
s Beneish M-Score Range Over the Past 10 Years
Min: -2.6 Med: -2.37 Max: -2.18
Current: -2.47
During the past 10 years, the highest Beneish M-Score of CAles Holdings was -2.18. The lowest was -2.60. And the median was -2.37.
CAles Holdings Beneish M-Score Related Terms
CAles Holdings Beneish M-Score Historical Data
* Premium members only.
The historical data trend for CAles Holdings's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
JSE:CAA vs CTAS, CPRT, ULS: Beneish M-Score Comparison
For the Specialty Business Services subindustry, CAles Holdings's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
CAles Holdings Beneish M-Score vs Business Services Industry
For the Business Services industry and Industrials sector, CAles Holdings's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where CAles Holdings's Beneish M-Score falls into.
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of CAles Holdings for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
M
=
-4.84
+
0.92 * DSRI
+
0.528 * GMI
+
0.404 * AQI
+
0.892 * SGI
+
0.115 * DEPI
=
-4.84
+
0.92 * 0.9901
+
0.528 * 0.9543
+
0.404 * 1.0396
+
0.892 * 1.0231
+
0.115 * 0.9294
-
0.172 * SGAI
+
4.679 * TATA
-
0.327 * LVGI
-
0.172 * 1.1203
+
4.679 * 0.003517
-
0.327 * 0.9566
=
-2.47
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
DEPI
=
(Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1))
/
(Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t))
=
(113.327 / (113.327 + 852.553))
/
(132.873 / (132.873 + 919.649))
=
0.11733
/
0.126242
=
0.9294
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
TATA
=
(IncomefromContinuingOperations_t
-
CashFlowsfromOperations_t)
/
TotalAssets_t
=
(NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t
-
CashFlowsfromOperations_t)
/
TotalAssets_t
=
(691.347 - 0
-
669.155)
/
6310.489
=
0.003517
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
CAles Holdings has a M-score of -2.47 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
CAles Holdings (JSE:CAA) has a Beneish M-Score of -2.47 as of Jul. 14, 2026. The Beneish M-score measures the likelihood of earnings manipulation. View historical data on CAles Holdings and its competitors. According to the industry distribution chart, CAles Holdings ranks #576 out of 1020 companies in the Business Services industry, placing it in the top 56.5%.
Is CAles Holdings' Beneish M-Score too high?
CAles Holdings' current Beneish M-Score is -2.47. Based on the distribution chart, CAles Holdings ranks #576 out of 1020 companies in the Business Services industry, which is below the industry midpoint. Overall, CAles Holdings has a GF Score™ of 83/100 and is considered Modestly Undervalued, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does CAles Holdings' Beneish M-Score compare to CTAS and CPRT?
According to the Business Services industry distribution chart, CAles Holdings ranks #576 out of 1020 companies for Beneish M-Score. This places CAles Holdings in the lower half of its industry. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Beneish M-Score for a Business Services company?
A good Beneish M-Score depends on the Business Services industry context. However, Beneish M-Score should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Beneish M-Score mean?
A high Beneish M-Score can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Beneish M-score measures the likelihood of earnings manipulation. View historical data on CAles Holdings and its competitors. CAles Holdings's current Beneish M-Score is -2.47. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is CAles Holdings stock overvalued right now?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, CAles Holdings (JSE:CAA) is currently considered Modestly Undervalued. The stock's GF Value™ is R15.92, compared to a current price of R13.49 — trading 15.3% below its estimated fair value. The current Beneish M-Score is -2.47. CAles Holdings' overall GF Score™ is 83/100 with 3 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Beneish M-Score calculated?
Beneish M-Score is calculated from a company's financial statements. For CAles Holdings (JSE:CAA), the current Beneish M-Score is -2.47 as of Jul. 14, 2026. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Is CAles Holdings (JSE:CAA) Overvalued in 2026?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, CAles Holdings stock appears to be undervalued.
The current stock price of R13.49 is trading 15.3% below its estimated GF Value™ of R15.92.
GuruFocus considers CAles Holdings to be Modestly Undervalued.
Key valuation signals for JSE:CAA:
Beneish M-Score: -2.47
GF Value™: R15.92 vs. price of R13.49 (15.3% below fair value)
No single metric tells the full story. See the JSE:CAA stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.
CA Sales Holdings Ltd operates within the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods industry and delivers services to blue-chip manufacturers. The services include warehousing and distribution, retail execution and advisory, retail support, training, and technology and data solutions. The company's geographical presence across Southern Africa operates in Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and other countries. The company generates maximum revenue from the Botswana region.
83GF Score
Get the complete analysis for JSE:CAA
Beneish M-Score is just one metric. See GF Value™, 30-year financials, guru trades, warning signs, and more.
Quick Browse
Personalize
Premium Gurus 
Create New Portfolio
JSE:CAA has been successfully added to your 
