Tongaat Hulett Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Tongaat Hulett's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Tongaat Hulett Beneish M-Score Chart
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Tongaat Hulett Annual Data
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Trend |
Mar12 |
Mar13 |
Mar14 |
Mar15 |
Mar16 |
Mar17 |
Mar18 |
Mar19 |
Mar20 |
Mar21 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-3.24 |
-3.47 |
-3.55 |
-3.61 |
-1.59 |
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Tongaat Hulett Semi-Annual Data
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Mar12 |
Sep12 |
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Sep16 |
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Mar20 |
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Mar21 |
Sep21 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-3.61 |
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-1.59 |
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Competitive Comparison of Tongaat Hulett's Beneish M-Score
For the Confectioners subindustry, Tongaat Hulett's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Tongaat Hulett's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Consumer Packaged Goods Industry
For the Consumer Packaged Goods industry and Consumer Defensive sector, Tongaat Hulett's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Tongaat Hulett's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Tongaat Hulett Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Tongaat Hulett for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.2179 | + | 0.528 * 1.5428 | + | 0.404 * 0.6935 | + | 0.892 * 0.9698 | + | 0.115 * 1.1281 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.8092 | + | 4.679 * 0.072838 | - | 0.327 * 0.8626 |
| = | -1.71 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Mar21) TTM: | Last Year (Mar20) TTM: |
Total Receivables was R815 Mil.
Revenue was R14,918 Mil.
Gross Profit was R4,269 Mil.
Total Current Assets was R7,393 Mil.
Total Assets was R13,276 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was R5,190 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was R531 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was R2,979 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was R10,498 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was R426 Mil.
Net Income was R2,419 Mil.
Gross Profit was R0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was R1,452 Mil.
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Total Receivables was R690 Mil.
Revenue was R15,382 Mil.
Gross Profit was R6,791 Mil.
Total Current Assets was R10,429 Mil.
Total Assets was R18,148 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was R6,353 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was R743 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was R3,796 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was R16,927 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was R384 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (815 / 14918) | / | (690 / 15382) |
| = | 0.054632 | / | 0.044858 |
| | = | 1.2179 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (6791 / 15382) | / | (4269 / 14918) |
| = | 0.44149 | / | 0.286164 |
| | = | 1.5428 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (7393 + 5190) / 13276) | / | (1 - (10429 + 6353) / 18148) |
| = | 0.052199 | / | 0.07527 |
| | = | 0.6935 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 14918 | / | 15382 |
| | = | 0.9698 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (743 / (743 + 6353)) | / | (531 / (531 + 5190)) |
| = | 0.104707 | / | 0.092816 |
| | = | 1.1281 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (2979 / 14918) | / | (3796 / 15382) |
| = | 0.199692 | / | 0.246782 |
| | = | 0.8092 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((426 + 10498) / 13276) | / | ((384 + 16927) / 18148) |
| = | 0.822838 | / | 0.953879 |
| | = | 0.8626 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (2419 - 0 | - | 1452) | / | 13276 |
| | = | 0.072838 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Tongaat Hulett has a M-score of -1.71 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
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