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The zones of discrimination for M-Score is as such:
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Good Sign:
Beneish M-Score -2.75 no higher than -1.78, which implies that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
The historical rank and industry rank for Fresenius Medical Care AG's Beneish M-Score or its related term are showing as below:
During the past 13 years, the highest Beneish M-Score of Fresenius Medical Care AG was -2.34. The lowest was -3.05. And the median was -2.61.
The historical data trend for Fresenius Medical Care AG's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Fresenius Medical Care AG Annual Data | |||||||||||||||||||||
Trend | Dec14 | Dec15 | Dec16 | Dec17 | Dec18 | Dec19 | Dec20 | Dec21 | Dec22 | Dec23 | |||||||||||
Beneish M-Score | Get a 7-Day Free Trial | -2.72 | -3.05 | -2.49 | -2.59 | -2.77 |
Fresenius Medical Care AG Quarterly Data | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dec19 | Mar20 | Jun20 | Sep20 | Dec20 | Mar21 | Jun21 | Sep21 | Dec21 | Mar22 | Jun22 | Sep22 | Dec22 | Mar23 | Jun23 | Sep23 | Dec23 | Mar24 | Jun24 | Sep24 | |
Beneish M-Score | Get a 7-Day Free Trial | -2.85 | -2.77 | -2.75 | -2.53 | -2.75 |
For the Medical Care Facilities subindustry, Fresenius Medical Care AG's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
For the Healthcare Providers & Services industry and Healthcare sector, Fresenius Medical Care AG's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Fresenius Medical Care AG's Beneish M-Score falls into.
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Fresenius Medical Care AG for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
= | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.8836 | + | 0.528 * 0.9826 | + | 0.404 * 1.2288 | + | 0.892 * 0.9885 | + | 0.115 * 0.5714 | |
- | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI | |||||||
- | 0.172 * 1.009 | + | 4.679 * -0.042062 | - | 0.327 * 0.9573 | |||||||
= | -2.75 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
This Year (Sep24) TTM: | Last Year (Sep23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €3,244 Mil. Revenue was 4760 + 4766 + 4724.522 + 4987.617 = €19,238 Mil. Gross Profit was 1146 + 1166 + 1173.651 + 1349.005 = €4,835 Mil. Total Current Assets was €8,091 Mil. Total Assets was €32,511 Mil. Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €3,462 Mil. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €1,692 Mil. Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €3,148 Mil. Total Current Liabilities was €5,889 Mil. Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €9,558 Mil. Net Income was 213 + 187 + 70.959 + 187.997 = €659 Mil. Non Operating Income was 41 + 33 + -115.468 + -205.206 = €-247 Mil. Cash Flow from Operations was 985 + 442 + 127.308 + 718.801 = €2,273 Mil. |
Total Receivables was €3,714 Mil. Revenue was 4936 + 4825 + 4704 + 4996.802 = €19,462 Mil. Gross Profit was 1229 + 1197 + 1149 + 1230.774 = €4,806 Mil. Total Current Assets was €9,054 Mil. Total Assets was €35,635 Mil. Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €7,885 Mil. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €1,820 Mil. Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €3,156 Mil. Total Current Liabilities was €6,619 Mil. Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €11,067 Mil. |
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
= | (3244 / 19238.139) | / | (3714.231 / 19461.802) | |
= | 0.168623 | / | 0.190847 | |
= | 0.8836 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
= | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) | |
= | (4805.774 / 19461.802) | / | (4834.656 / 19238.139) | |
= | 0.246934 | / | 0.251306 | |
= | 0.9826 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
= | (1 - (8091 + 3462) / 32511) | / | (1 - (9054.206 + 7885.472) / 35634.696) | |
= | 0.644643 | / | 0.52463 | |
= | 1.2288 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
= | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 | |
= | 19238.139 | / | 19461.802 | |
= | 0.9885 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
= | (1820.487 / (1820.487 + 7885.472)) | / | (1691.633 / (1691.633 + 3462)) | |
= | 0.187564 | / | 0.328241 | |
= | 0.5714 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
= | (3147.98 / 19238.139) | / | (3156.271 / 19461.802) | |
= | 0.163632 | / | 0.162178 | |
= | 1.009 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
= | ((9558.272 + 5889) / 32511) | / | ((11067.098 + 6619.331) / 35634.696) | |
= | 0.47514 | / | 0.496326 | |
= | 0.9573 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
= | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t | |
= | (658.956 - -246.674 | - | 2273.109) | / | 32511 | |
= | -0.042062 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Fresenius Medical Care AG has a M-score of -2.75 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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