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The zones of discrimination for M-Score is as such:
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Good Sign:
Beneish M-Score -3.38 no higher than -1.78, which implies that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
The historical rank and industry rank for Pure Storage's Beneish M-Score or its related term are showing as below:
During the past 11 years, the highest Beneish M-Score of Pure Storage was -2.47. The lowest was -3.55. And the median was -3.06.
The historical data trend for Pure Storage's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Pure Storage Annual Data | |||||||||||||||||||||
Trend | Jan15 | Jan16 | Jan17 | Jan18 | Jan19 | Jan20 | Jan21 | Jan22 | Jan23 | Jan24 | |||||||||||
Beneish M-Score | Get a 7-Day Free Trial | -2.91 | -2.73 | -3.13 | -3.25 | -3.12 |
Pure Storage Quarterly Data | ||||||||||||||||||||
Jan20 | Apr20 | Jul20 | Oct20 | Jan21 | Apr21 | Jul21 | Oct21 | Jan22 | Apr22 | Jul22 | Oct22 | Jan23 | Apr23 | Jul23 | Oct23 | Jan24 | Apr24 | Jul24 | Oct24 | |
Beneish M-Score | Get a 7-Day Free Trial | -2.86 | -3.12 | -3.22 | -3.55 | -3.38 |
For the Computer Hardware subindustry, Pure Storage's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
For the Hardware industry and Technology sector, Pure Storage's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Pure Storage's Beneish M-Score falls into.
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Pure Storage for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
= | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.8417 | + | 0.528 * 0.9942 | + | 0.404 * 0.9537 | + | 0.892 * 1.0797 | + | 0.115 * 1.1203 | |
- | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI | |||||||
- | 0.172 * 0.9856 | + | 4.679 * -0.179305 | - | 0.327 * 0.9485 | |||||||
= | -3.38 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
This Year (Oct24) TTM: | Last Year (Oct23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $578 Mil. Revenue was 831.072 + 763.771 + 693.479 + 789.805 = $3,078 Mil. Gross Profit was 582.922 + 540.08 + 495.706 + 568.504 = $2,187 Mil. Total Current Assets was $2,560 Mil. Total Assets was $3,854 Mil. Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $589 Mil. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $132 Mil. Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $1,278 Mil. Total Current Liabilities was $1,445 Mil. Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $146 Mil. Net Income was 63.639 + 35.674 + -35.009 + 65.438 = $130 Mil. Non Operating Income was 17.156 + 19.437 + -1.81 + -3.43 = $31 Mil. Cash Flow from Operations was 96.993 + 226.597 + 221.5 + 244.425 = $790 Mil. |
Total Receivables was $636 Mil. Revenue was 762.838 + 688.671 + 589.307 + 810.207 = $2,851 Mil. Gross Profit was 552.747 + 486.593 + 413.347 + 561.317 = $2,014 Mil. Total Current Assets was $2,247 Mil. Total Assets was $3,356 Mil. Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $464 Mil. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $120 Mil. Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $1,201 Mil. Total Current Liabilities was $1,238 Mil. Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $222 Mil. |
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
= | (578.224 / 3078.127) | / | (636.324 / 2851.023) | |
= | 0.187849 | / | 0.223191 | |
= | 0.8417 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
= | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) | |
= | (2014.004 / 2851.023) | / | (2187.212 / 3078.127) | |
= | 0.706415 | / | 0.710566 | |
= | 0.9942 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
= | (1 - (2559.648 + 588.927) / 3854.465) | / | (1 - (2247.026 + 464.117) / 3355.509) | |
= | 0.183136 | / | 0.192032 | |
= | 0.9537 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
= | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 | |
= | 3078.127 | / | 2851.023 | |
= | 1.0797 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
= | (119.724 / (119.724 + 464.117)) | / | (131.955 / (131.955 + 588.927)) | |
= | 0.205063 | / | 0.183047 | |
= | 1.1203 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
= | (1278.055 / 3078.127) | / | (1201.005 / 2851.023) | |
= | 0.415205 | / | 0.421254 | |
= | 0.9856 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
= | ((146.39 + 1444.634) / 3854.465) | / | ((222.388 + 1237.901) / 3355.509) | |
= | 0.412774 | / | 0.435192 | |
= | 0.9485 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
= | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t | |
= | (129.742 - 31.353 | - | 789.515) | / | 3854.465 | |
= | -0.179305 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Pure Storage has a M-score of -3.38 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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