Access National Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Access National for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0043 | + | 0.892 * 1.2376 | + | 0.115 * 0.4265 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.848 | + | 4.679 * -0.002618 | - | 0.327 * 1.4694 |
| = | -2.47 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Sep18) TTM: | Last Year (Sep17) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $0.0 Mil.
Revenue was 31.402 + 31.933 + 30.615 + 32.594 = $126.5 Mil.
Gross Profit was 31.402 + 31.933 + 30.615 + 32.594 = $126.5 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $124.4 Mil.
Total Assets was $3,021.3 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $27.8 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $5.9 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $50.5 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $212.6 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $45.0 Mil.
Net Income was 9.61 + 8.962 + 8.086 + 3.045 = $29.7 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0.0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 34.204 + -13.687 + 9.62 + 7.475 = $37.6 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $0.0 Mil.
Revenue was 33.117 + 33.06 + 17.693 + 18.383 = $102.3 Mil.
Gross Profit was 33.117 + 33.06 + 17.693 + 18.383 = $102.3 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $129.9 Mil.
Total Assets was $2,873.1 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $26.4 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $2.1 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $48.2 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $102.8 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $63.9 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 126.544) | / | (0 / 102.253) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (102.253 / 102.253) | / | (126.544 / 126.544) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (124.37 + 27.768) / 3021.323) | / | (1 - (129.933 + 26.4) / 2873.069) |
| = | 0.949645 | / | 0.945587 |
| | = | 1.0043 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 126.544 | / | 102.253 |
| | = | 1.2376 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (2.142 / (2.142 + 26.4)) | / | (5.929 / (5.929 + 27.768)) |
| = | 0.075047 | / | 0.17595 |
| | = | 0.4265 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (50.539 / 126.544) | / | (48.155 / 102.253) |
| = | 0.399379 | / | 0.47094 |
| | = | 0.848 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((45 + 212.561) / 3021.323) | / | ((63.863 + 102.821) / 2873.069) |
| = | 0.085248 | / | 0.058016 |
| | = | 1.4694 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (29.703 - 0 | - | 37.612) | / | 3021.323 |
| | = | -0.002618 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Access National has a M-score of -2.47 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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