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The zones of discrimination for M-Score is as such:
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Good Sign:
Beneish M-Score -2.33 no higher than -1.78, which implies that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
The historical rank and industry rank for Paxman AB's Beneish M-Score or its related term are showing as below:
During the past 7 years, the highest Beneish M-Score of Paxman AB was -1.68. The lowest was -3.47. And the median was -2.31.
The historical data trend for Paxman AB's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Paxman AB Annual Data | ||||||||||||||||
Trend | Dec17 | Dec18 | Dec19 | Dec20 | Dec21 | Dec22 | Dec23 | |||||||||
Beneish M-Score | Get a 7-Day Free Trial | -2.30 | -3.47 | -1.68 | -2.25 | -2.18 |
Paxman AB Quarterly Data | ||||||||||||||||||||
Dec19 | Mar20 | Jun20 | Sep20 | Dec20 | Mar21 | Jun21 | Sep21 | Dec21 | Mar22 | Jun22 | Sep22 | Dec22 | Mar23 | Jun23 | Sep23 | Dec23 | Mar24 | Jun24 | Sep24 | |
Beneish M-Score | Get a 7-Day Free Trial | -1.99 | -2.18 | -2.05 | -2.13 | -2.33 |
For the Medical Devices subindustry, Paxman AB's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
For the Medical Devices & Instruments industry and Healthcare sector, Paxman AB's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Paxman AB's Beneish M-Score falls into.
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Paxman AB for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
= | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9821 | + | 0.528 * 0.983 | + | 0.404 * 1.0018 | + | 0.892 * 1.2416 | + | 0.115 * 0.9787 | |
- | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI | |||||||
- | 0.172 * 1 | + | 4.679 * -0.023936 | - | 0.327 * 0.7886 | |||||||
= | -2.33 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
This Year (Sep24) TTM: | Last Year (Sep23) TTM: |
Total Receivables was kr57.0 Mil. Revenue was 64.824 + 63.413 + 58.62 + 55.59 = kr242.4 Mil. Gross Profit was 44.165 + 44.703 + 40.487 + 40.708 = kr170.1 Mil. Total Current Assets was kr118.9 Mil. Total Assets was kr207.8 Mil. Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was kr42.4 Mil. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was kr16.7 Mil. Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was kr0.0 Mil. Total Current Liabilities was kr49.2 Mil. Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was kr1.3 Mil. Net Income was 4.999 + 9.817 + 13.108 + -1.645 = kr26.3 Mil. Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = kr0.0 Mil. Cash Flow from Operations was 1.136 + 12.155 + 10.121 + 7.841 = kr31.3 Mil. |
Total Receivables was kr46.7 Mil. Revenue was 61.233 + 50.974 + 42.32 + 40.745 = kr195.3 Mil. Gross Profit was 41.95 + 34.143 + 29.618 + 28.932 = kr134.6 Mil. Total Current Assets was kr93.8 Mil. Total Assets was kr181.7 Mil. Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was kr47.4 Mil. Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was kr18.1 Mil. Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was kr0.0 Mil. Total Current Liabilities was kr52.9 Mil. Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was kr3.1 Mil. |
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
= | (56.997 / 242.447) | / | (46.744 / 195.272) | |
= | 0.235091 | / | 0.239379 | |
= | 0.9821 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
= | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) | |
= | (134.643 / 195.272) | / | (170.063 / 242.447) | |
= | 0.689515 | / | 0.701444 | |
= | 0.983 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
= | (1 - (118.929 + 42.449) / 207.802) | / | (1 - (93.775 + 47.425) / 181.725) | |
= | 0.223405 | / | 0.223002 | |
= | 1.0018 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
= | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 | |
= | 242.447 | / | 195.272 | |
= | 1.2416 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
= | (18.103 / (18.103 + 47.425)) | / | (16.695 / (16.695 + 42.449)) | |
= | 0.276264 | / | 0.282277 | |
= | 0.9787 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
= | (0 / 242.447) | / | (0 / 195.272) | |
= | 0 | / | 0 | |
= | 1 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
= | ((1.262 + 49.214) / 207.802) | / | ((3.098 + 52.877) / 181.725) | |
= | 0.242904 | / | 0.30802 | |
= | 0.7886 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
= | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t | |
= | (26.279 - 0 | - | 31.253) | / | 207.802 | |
= | -0.023936 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Paxman AB has a M-score of -2.33 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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