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Dr. Charlie Tian is the founder and CEO of GuruFocus.com, a leading global investment research platform established in 2004. With a Ph.D. in physics, Dr. Tian transitioned from science to finance, applying a data-driven, disciplined approach to value investing.
Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
The historical rank and industry rank for Quality and Reliability's Graham Number or its related term are showing as below:
ATH:QUAL'
s Price-to-Graham-Number Range Over the Past 10 Years
Min: 3.49 Med: 10.11 Max: 14.27
Current: 14.27
During the past 13 years, the highest Price to Graham Number ratio of Quality and Reliability was 14.27. The lowest was 3.49. And the median was 10.11.
ATH:QUAL's Price-to-Graham-Number is ranked worse than 96.81% of 1475
companies
in the Software industry
Industry Median: 1.91
vs ATH:QUAL: 14.27
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
Quality and Reliability (ATH:QUAL) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Quality and Reliability's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Dec. 2025 )
=
1.284
/
0.09
=
13.55
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Quality and Reliability Graham Number Related Terms
Quality and Reliability Graham Number Historical Data
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
ATH:QUAL vs CRM, SHOP, UBER: Graham Number Comparison
For the Software - Application subindustry, Quality and Reliability's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Quality and Reliability Price-to-Graham-Number vs Software Industry
For the Software industry and Technology sector, Quality and Reliability's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Quality and Reliability's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Quality and Reliability (ATH:QUAL) has a Graham Number of €0.09 as of Dec. 2025. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Quality and Reliability and its competitors. According to the industry distribution chart, Quality and Reliability ranks #1428 out of 1475 companies in the Software industry, placing it in the top 96.8%.
Is Quality and Reliability's Graham Number too high?
Quality and Reliability's current Graham Number is €0.09. Based on the distribution chart, Quality and Reliability ranks #1428 out of 1475 companies in the Software industry, which is in the bottom quartile relative to peers. Overall, Quality and Reliability has a GF Score™ of 77/100 and is considered Possible Value Trap, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Quality and Reliability's Graham Number compare to CRM and SHOP?
According to the Software industry distribution chart, Quality and Reliability ranks #1428 out of 1475 companies for Graham Number. This places Quality and Reliability in the lower half of its industry. The industry median Graham Number is 1.91. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Graham Number for a Software company?
The median Graham Number among Software companies is 1.91, based on 1,475 companies in the industry. Companies in the top quartile (top 25%) have a Graham Number significantly above this median, while those in the bottom quartile fall well below. However, Graham Number should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Graham Number mean?
A high Graham Number can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Quality and Reliability and its competitors. For the Software industry, the median Graham Number is 1.91 — values significantly above this may indicate overvaluation, while values below may suggest a bargain or underlying issues. Quality and Reliability's current Graham Number is €0.09. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Quality and Reliability stock overvalued right now?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Quality and Reliability (ATH:QUAL) is currently considered Possible Value Trap. The stock's GF Value™ is €2.08, compared to a current price of €1.28 — trading 38.3% below its estimated fair value. The current Graham Number is €0.09. Quality and Reliability's overall GF Score™ is 77/100 with 4 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Graham Number calculated?
Graham Number is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Quality and Reliability (ATH:QUAL), the current Graham Number is €0.09 as of Dec. 2025. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Is Quality and Reliability (ATH:QUAL) Overvalued in 2026?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Quality and Reliability stock appears to be undervalued.
The current stock price of €1.28 is trading 38.3% below its estimated GF Value™ of €2.08.
GuruFocus considers Quality and Reliability to be Possible Value Trap.
Key valuation signals for ATH:QUAL:
Graham Number: €0.09
GF Value™: €2.08 vs. price of €1.28 (38.3% below fair value)
No single metric tells the full story. See the ATH:QUAL stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.
Quality and Reliability SA is engaged in software development and in the provision of integration services for information systems. The company delivers complex Integrated Information Systems for large and mid-size enterprises in the public and private sectors, cutting-edge technology solutions for Financial Institutions, Enterprise web Portals, white label e-Bookstore platforms & label e-commerce solutions, cross-platform Mobile Applications and multi-platform eBook interactive educational authoring tools.
77GF Score
Get the complete analysis for ATH:QUAL
Graham Number is just one metric. See GF Value™, 30-year financials, guru trades, warning signs, and more.
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