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Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
ROCO:4527'
s Price-to-Graham-Number Range Over the Past 10 Years
Min: 0.73 Med: 0.91 Max: 1.23
Current: 0.89
During the past 13 years, the highest Price to Graham Number ratio of Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co was 1.23. The lowest was 0.73. And the median was 0.91.
ROCO:4527's Price-to-Graham-Number is ranked better than 77.86% of 1653
companies
in the Hardware industry
Industry Median: 1.77
vs ROCO:4527: 0.89
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co (ROCO:4527) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Jun. 2026 )
=
40.80
/
45.68
=
0.89
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co Graham Number Related Terms
Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co Graham Number Historical Data
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co Graham Number Chart
ROCO:4527 vs APH, GLW, TEL: Graham Number Comparison
For the Electronic Components subindustry, Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co Price-to-Graham-Number vs Hardware Industry
For the Hardware industry and Technology sector, Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co (ROCO:4527) has a Graham Number of NT$45.68 as of Jun. 2026. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co and its competitors. According to the industry distribution chart, Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co ranks #366 out of 1653 companies in the Hardware industry, placing it in the top 22.1%.
Is Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co's Graham Number too high?
Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co's current Graham Number is NT$45.68. Based on the distribution chart, Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co ranks #366 out of 1653 companies in the Hardware industry, which is in the top quartile — a strong position relative to peers. Overall, Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co has a GF Score™ of 73/100 and is considered Fairly Valued, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co's Graham Number compare to APH and GLW?
According to the Hardware industry distribution chart, Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co ranks #366 out of 1653 companies for Graham Number. This places Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co in the top 22% of its industry — outperforming the majority of peers. The industry median Graham Number is 1.77. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Graham Number for a Hardware company?
The median Graham Number among Hardware companies is 1.77, based on 1,653 companies in the industry. Companies in the top quartile (top 25%) have a Graham Number significantly above this median, while those in the bottom quartile fall well below. However, Graham Number should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Graham Number mean?
A high Graham Number can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co and its competitors. For the Hardware industry, the median Graham Number is 1.77 — values significantly above this may indicate overvaluation, while values below may suggest a bargain or underlying issues. Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co's current Graham Number is NT$45.68. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co stock overvalued right now?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co (ROCO:4527) is currently considered Fairly Valued. The stock's GF Value™ is NT$39.52, compared to a current price of NT$40.80 — trading 3.2% above its estimated fair value. The current Graham Number is NT$45.68. Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co's overall GF Score™ is 73/100 with 2 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Graham Number calculated?
Graham Number is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co (ROCO:4527), the current Graham Number is NT$45.68 as of Jun. 2026. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Is Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co (ROCO:4527) Overvalued in 2026?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co stock appears to be overvalued.
The current stock price of NT$40.80 is trading 3.2% above its estimated GF Value™ of NT$39.52.
GuruFocus considers Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co to be Fairly Valued.
Key valuation signals for ROCO:4527:
Graham Number: NT$45.68
GF Value™: NT$39.52 vs. price of NT$40.80 (3.2% above fair value)
No single metric tells the full story. See the ROCO:4527 stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.
Kuen Ling Machinery Refrigerating Co Ltd is engaged in the installation, maintenance, repair, assembly, manufacturing, processing, buying and selling, domestic and international sales, and leasing of condensers, ice water coolers, ice water units, and refrigeration units. Its products are water-cooled centrifugal, screw type, flooded type chiller units, air-cooled chiller unit, computer room packaged chiller units, thermal storage ice tank, and vacuum freeze-dried equipment. There are three segments of the Group, which are operation bases in Taiwan, Mainland China and Vietnam regions.
73GF Score
Get the complete analysis for ROCO:4527
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