First Keystone Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of First Keystone for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1.4554 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 0.9995 | + | 0.892 * 0.8138 | + | 0.115 * 1.3392 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.3763 | + | 4.679 * -0.000244 | - | 0.327 * 1.4441 |
| = | -2.40 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was $5.20 Mil.
Revenue was 8.731 + 8.077 + 8.369 + 8.949 = $34.13 Mil.
Gross Profit was 8.731 + 8.077 + 8.369 + 8.949 = $34.13 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $415.18 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,415.87 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $21.08 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $0.80 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $17.29 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $136.58 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $148.98 Mil.
Net Income was 1.781 + 1.283 + 1.139 + 1.357 = $5.56 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = $0.00 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 3.093 + 2.455 + 3.184 + -2.827 = $5.91 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was $4.39 Mil.
Revenue was 9.424 + 10.738 + 11.053 + 10.717 = $41.93 Mil.
Gross Profit was 9.424 + 10.738 + 11.053 + 10.717 = $41.93 Mil.
Total Current Assets was $388.57 Mil.
Total Assets was $1,329.19 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was $20.57 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was $1.06 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was $15.43 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was $133.61 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was $52.03 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (5.201 / 34.126) | / | (4.391 / 41.932) |
| = | 0.152406 | / | 0.104717 |
| | = | 1.4554 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (41.932 / 41.932) | / | (34.126 / 34.126) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (415.182 + 21.083) / 1415.87) | / | (1 - (388.573 + 20.565) / 1329.194) |
| = | 0.691875 | / | 0.692191 |
| | = | 0.9995 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 34.126 | / | 41.932 |
| | = | 0.8138 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (1.056 / (1.056 + 20.565)) | / | (0.798 / (0.798 + 21.083)) |
| = | 0.048841 | / | 0.03647 |
| | = | 1.3392 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (17.286 / 34.126) | / | (15.433 / 41.932) |
| = | 0.506535 | / | 0.368048 |
| | = | 1.3763 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((148.976 + 136.582) / 1415.87) | / | ((52.029 + 133.613) / 1329.194) |
| = | 0.201684 | / | 0.139665 |
| | = | 1.4441 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (5.56 - 0 | - | 5.905) | / | 1415.87 |
| | = | -0.000244 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
First Keystone has a M-score of -2.40 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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