Zue (WAR:ZUE) Beneish M-Score: -2.94 (As of Jul. 15, 2026)

Author: Vera Yuan Vera Yuan
Vera Yuan
Vera Yuan
Director of Data and Quant Analytics at GuruFocus
Focused on building reliable datasets, financial models, and research tools for value-minded investors. Committed to turning complex data into practical guidance for value-investing and long-term wealth.
Reviewed by: Charlie Tian Charlie Tian
Charlie Tian
Charlie Tian
Founder & CEO of GuruFocus
Dr. Charlie Tian is the founder and CEO of GuruFocus.com, a leading global investment research platform established in 2004. With a Ph.D. in physics, Dr. Tian transitioned from science to finance, applying a data-driven, disciplined approach to value investing.

WAR:ZUE Zue SA WAR:ZUE
77 GF Score
Price zł11.35
GF Value zł6.76
Valuation Significantly Overvalued
! 4 Warning Signs
View Full Analysis

What is Zue Beneish M-Score?

Zue WAR:ZUE -0.87% 77 Beneish M-Score is -2.94 as of Jul. 15, 2026. GuruFocus rates WAR:ZUE with a GF Score™ of 77/100 and a GF Value™ of zł6.76 (Significantly Overvalued). The stock has 4 warning signs investors should review. Among 1,699 Construction companies, Zue ranks better than 79.4% on this metric.

The zones of discrimination for M-Score is as such:

An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.

Good Sign:

Beneish M-Score -2.94 no higher than -1.78, which implies that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.

The historical rank and industry rank for Zue's Beneish M-Score or its related term are showing as below:

WAR:ZUE' s Beneish M-Score Range Over the Past 10 Years
Min: -4.43   Med: -2.75   Max: 1.07
Current: -2.94

During the past 13 years, the highest Beneish M-Score of Zue was 1.07. The lowest was -4.43. And the median was -2.75.


Zue Beneish M-Score Historical Data

* Premium members only.

The historical data trend for Zue's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:

* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.

Zue Beneish M-Score Chart

Zue Annual Data
Trend Dec16 Dec17 Dec18 Dec19 Dec20 Dec21 Dec22 Dec23 Dec24 Dec25
Beneish M-Score
Get a 7-Day Free Trial Premium Member Only Premium Member Only -3.56 -1.88 -2.74 -1.56 -2.79

Zue Quarterly Data
Jun21 Sep21 Dec21 Mar22 Jun22 Sep22 Dec22 Mar23 Jun23 Sep23 Dec23 Mar24 Jun24 Sep24 Dec24 Mar25 Jun25 Sep25 Dec25 Mar26
Beneish M-Score Get a 7-Day Free Trial Premium Member Only Premium Member Only Premium Member Only Premium Member Only Premium Member Only Premium Member Only Premium Member Only Premium Member Only Premium Member Only Premium Member Only Premium Member Only Premium Member Only -3.00 -2.76 -2.93 -2.79 -2.94

Zue Beneish M-Score Competitor Comparison

For the Infrastructure Operations subindustry, Zue's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:

* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.


Zue Beneish M-Score vs Construction Industry

For the Construction industry and Industrials sector, Zue's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:

* The bar in red indicates where Zue's Beneish M-Score falls into.


WAR:ZUE
77GF Score
Zue SA WAR:ZUE
Beneish M-Score is just one metric. See GF Score™, valuation, warning signs, and more.
View Full Analysis

Zue Beneish M-Score Calculation

The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.

The M-Score Variables:

The M-score of Zue for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:

M=-4.84+0.92 * DSRI+0.528 * GMI+0.404 * AQI+0.892 * SGI+0.115 * DEPI
=-4.84+0.92 * 0.9701+0.528 * 0.6002+0.404 * 1.1841+0.892 * 0.8312+0.115 * 0.9133
-0.172 * SGAI+4.679 * TATA-0.327 * LVGI
-0.172 * 1.348+4.679 * -0.023379-0.327 * 0.8913
=-2.94

* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.

This Year (Mar26) TTM:Last Year (Mar25) TTM:
Total Receivables was zł295.3 Mil.
Revenue was 148.133 + 254.976 + 288.146 + 222.642 = zł913.9 Mil.
Gross Profit was 4.531 + 23.511 + 10.405 + 21.551 = zł60.0 Mil.
Total Current Assets was zł404.3 Mil.
Total Assets was zł606.8 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was zł124.6 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was zł15.9 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was zł39.3 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was zł302.6 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was zł37.8 Mil.
Net Income was -4.229 + 5.814 + -0.439 + 10.391 = zł11.5 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = zł0.0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 8.336 + 11.941 + 29.078 + -23.632 = zł25.7 Mil.
Total Receivables was zł366.3 Mil.
Revenue was 180.134 + 297.911 + 304.283 + 317.228 = zł1,099.6 Mil.
Gross Profit was 5.425 + 15.967 + 7.027 + 14.906 = zł43.3 Mil.
Total Current Assets was zł466.3 Mil.
Total Assets was zł678.2 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was zł138.4 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was zł16.0 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was zł35.1 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was zł384.7 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was zł42.1 Mil.




1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index

Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.

A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.

DSRI=(Receivables_t / Revenue_t) / (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1)
=(295.331 / 913.897) / (366.267 / 1099.556)
=0.323156 / 0.333104
=0.9701

2. GMI = Gross Margin Index

Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.

Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.

GMI=GrossMargin_t-1 / GrossMargin_t
=(GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) / (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t)
=(43.325 / 1099.556) / (59.998 / 913.897)
=0.039402 / 0.065651
=0.6002

3. AQI = Asset Quality Index

AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.

Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.

AQI=(1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) / (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1)
=(1 - (404.323 + 124.626) / 606.776) / (1 - (466.284 + 138.44) / 678.186)
=0.128263 / 0.108321
=1.1841

4. SGI = Sales Growth Index

Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.

Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.

SGI=Sales_t / Sales_t-1
=Revenue_t / Revenue_t-1
=913.897 / 1099.556
=0.8312

5. DEPI = Depreciation Index

Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.

DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.

DEPI=(Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) / (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t))
=(15.985 / (15.985 + 138.44)) / (15.93 / (15.93 + 124.626))
=0.103513 / 0.113336
=0.9133

Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.

6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index

The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.

SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.

SGAI=(SGA_t / Sales_t) / (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1)
=(39.295 / 913.897) / (35.073 / 1099.556)
=0.042997 / 0.031897
=1.348

7. LVGI = Leverage Index

The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.

An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage

LVGI=((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) / ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1)
=((37.777 + 302.612) / 606.776) / ((42.102 + 384.743) / 678.186)
=0.56098 / 0.629392
=0.8913

8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets

Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.

TATA=(IncomefromContinuingOperations_t - CashFlowsfromOperations_t) / TotalAssets_t
=(NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t - CashFlowsfromOperations_t) / TotalAssets_t
=(11.537 - 0 - 25.723) / 606.776
=-0.023379

An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.

Zue has a M-score of -2.94 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.

Frequently Asked Questions Learn more about Beneish M-Score →
What does a Beneish M-Score of -2.94 mean?
Zue (WAR:ZUE) has a Beneish M-Score of -2.94 as of Jul. 15, 2026. The Beneish M-score measures the likelihood of earnings manipulation. View historical data on Zue and its competitors. According to the industry distribution chart, Zue ranks #350 out of 1699 companies in the Construction industry, placing it in the top 20.6%.
Is Zue's Beneish M-Score too high?
Zue's current Beneish M-Score is -2.94. Based on the distribution chart, Zue ranks #350 out of 1699 companies in the Construction industry, which is in the top quartile — a strong position relative to peers. Overall, Zue has a GF Score™ of 77/100 and is considered Significantly Overvalued, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Zue's Beneish M-Score compare to competitors?
According to the Construction industry distribution chart, Zue ranks #350 out of 1699 companies for Beneish M-Score. This places Zue in the top 21% of its industry — outperforming the majority of peers. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Beneish M-Score for a Construction company?
A good Beneish M-Score depends on the Construction industry context. However, Beneish M-Score should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Beneish M-Score mean?
A high Beneish M-Score can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Beneish M-score measures the likelihood of earnings manipulation. View historical data on Zue and its competitors. Zue's current Beneish M-Score is -2.94. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Zue stock overvalued right now?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Zue (WAR:ZUE) is currently considered Significantly Overvalued. The stock's GF Value™ is zł6.76, compared to a current price of zł11.35 — trading 67.9% above its estimated fair value. The current Beneish M-Score is -2.94. Zue's overall GF Score™ is 77/100 with 4 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Beneish M-Score calculated?
Beneish M-Score is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Zue (WAR:ZUE), the current Beneish M-Score is -2.94 as of Jul. 15, 2026. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.

Is Zue (WAR:ZUE) Overvalued in 2026?

Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Zue stock appears to be overvalued. The current stock price of zł11.35 is trading 67.9% above its estimated GF Value™ of zł6.76. GuruFocus considers Zue to be Significantly Overvalued.

Key valuation signals for WAR:ZUE:

  • Beneish M-Score: -2.94
  • GF Value™: zł6.76 vs. price of zł11.35 (67.9% above fair value)
  • GF Score™: 77/100 with 4 warning signs

No single metric tells the full story. See the WAR:ZUE stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.


Zue Business Description

Other Exchanges J4E:Germany
Address ul. Kazimierza Czapinskiego 3, Krakow, POL, 30-048
Zue SA is a contractor involved in the designing and delivery of comprehensive tram line and railway construction and modernization systems. It also provides infrastructure (including earthworks and construction of subgrade, drainage systems and engineering and cubature facilities.
77GF Score

Get the complete analysis for WAR:ZUE

Beneish M-Score is just one metric. See GF Value™, 30-year financials, guru trades, warning signs, and more.

zł11.35
Price
zł6.76
GF Value