Focused on building reliable datasets, financial models, and research tools for value-minded investors. Committed to turning complex data into practical guidance for value-investing and long-term wealth.
Dr. Charlie Tian is the founder and CEO of GuruFocus.com, a leading global investment research platform established in 2004. With a Ph.D. in physics, Dr. Tian transitioned from science to finance, applying a data-driven, disciplined approach to value investing.
E10 is a concept invented by Prof. Robert Shiller, who uses E10 for his Shiller P/E calculation. E10 is the average of the inflation adjusted earnings of a company over the past 10 years.
Courage Investment Group's adjusted earnings per share data for the fiscal year that ended in Dec. 2024 was S$0.002. Add all the adjusted EPS for the past 10 years together and divide 10 will get our e10, which is S$-0.03 for the trailing ten years ended in Dec. 2024.
During the past 3 years, the average E10 Growth Rate was 12.60% per year.
During the past 5 years, the average E10 Growth Rate was 14.90% per year.
Please click Growth Rate Calculation Example (GuruFocus) to see how GuruFocus calculates Wal-Mart Stores Inc (WMT)'s revenue growth rate. You can apply the same method to get the E10 growth rate using E10 data.
During the past 13 years, the highest 3-Year average E10 Growth Rate of Courage Investment Group was 19.50% per year. The lowest was -45.40% per year. And the median was 10.10% per year.
Courage Investment Group (SGX:CIN) E10 Explanation
If a company grows much fast than inflation, E10 may underestimate the company's earnings power. Shiller PE Ratio can seem to be too high even the actual P/E is low.
For the Shiller P/E, the earnings of the past 10 years are inflation-adjusted and averaged. The result is used for P/E calculation. Since it looks at the average over the last 10 years, the Shiller P/E is also called PE10.
The Shiller P/E was first used by professor Robert Shiller to measure the valuation of the overall market. The same calculation is applied here to individual companies.
During the past 13 years, the highest Shiller P/E Ratio of Courage Investment Group was 28.10. The lowest was 7.32. And the median was 17.74.
Be Aware
Shiller PE Ratio works better for cyclical companies. It gives you a better idea on the company's real earnings power.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Courage Investment Group E10 Competitor Comparison
For the Marine Shipping subindustry, Courage Investment Group's Shiller PE Ratio, along with its competitors' market caps and Shiller PE Ratio data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Courage Investment Group Shiller PE Ratio vs Transportation Industry
For the Transportation industry and Industrials sector, Courage Investment Group's Shiller PE Ratio distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Courage Investment Group's Shiller PE Ratio falls into.
E10 is a concept invented by Prof. Robert Shiller, who uses E10 for his Shiller P/E calculation. When we calculate the today's Shiller P/E ratio of a stock, we use today's price divided by E10.
What is E10? How do we calculate E10?
E10 is the average of the inflation adjusted earnings of a company over the past 10 years. Let's use an example to explain.
If we want to calculate the E10 of Wal-Mart (WMT) for Dec. 31, 2010, we need to have the inflation data and the earnings from 2001 through 2010.
We adjusted the earnings of 2001 earnings data with the total inflation from 2001 through 2010 to the equivalent earnings in 2010. If the total inflation from 2001 to 2010 is 40%, and Wal-Mart earned $1 a share in 2001, then the 2001's equivalent earnings in 2010 is $1.4 a share. If Wal-Mart earns $1 again in 2002, and the total inflation from 2002 through 2010 is 35%, then the equivalent 2002 earnings in 2010 is $1.35. So on and so forth, you get the equivalent earnings of past 10 years. Then you add them together and divided the sum by 10 to get E10.
Please note that we use the CPI data of the country/region where the company is headquartered. If the CPI data for that country/region is not available, then we will use the CPI data of the United States as default.
For example, Courage Investment Group's adjusted earnings per share data for the fiscal year that ended in Dec. 2024 was:
Courage Investment Group (SGX:CIN) has a E10 of S$-0.03 as of Jun. 2025. E10 represents the company's inflation-adjusted earnings per share over a 10-year period. View historical data on Courage Investment Group and its competitors.
Is Courage Investment Group's E10 too high?
Courage Investment Group's current E10 is S$-0.03. Overall, Courage Investment Group has a GF Score™ of 39/100 and is considered Significantly Overvalued, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Courage Investment Group's E10 compare to competitors?
Courage Investment Group's E10 of S$-0.03 can be compared against companies in the Transportation industry. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good E10 for a Transportation company?
A good E10 depends on the Transportation industry context. However, E10 should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high E10 mean?
A high E10 can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. E10 represents the company's inflation-adjusted earnings per share over a 10-year period. View historical data on Courage Investment Group and its competitors. Courage Investment Group's current E10 is S$-0.03. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Courage Investment Group stock overvalued right now?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Courage Investment Group (SGX:CIN) is currently considered Significantly Overvalued. The stock's GF Value™ is S$0.01, compared to a current price of S$0.02 — trading 60% above its estimated fair value. The current E10 is S$-0.03. Courage Investment Group's overall GF Score™ is 39/100 with 2 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is E10 calculated?
E10 is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Courage Investment Group (SGX:CIN), the current E10 is S$-0.03 as of Jun. 2025. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Is Courage Investment Group (SGX:CIN) Overvalued in 2026?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Courage Investment Group stock appears to be overvalued.
The current stock price of S$0.02 is trading 60% above its estimated GF Value™ of S$0.01.
GuruFocus considers Courage Investment Group to be Significantly Overvalued.
Key valuation signals for SGX:CIN:
E10: S$-0.03
GF Value™: S$0.01 vs. price of S$0.02 (60% above fair value)
No single metric tells the full story. See the SGX:CIN stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.
Courage Investment Group Ltd is an investment holding company. The company's reportable segments include Marine transportation, Merchandise trading, Property holding and investment, and Investment holding. It generates maximum revenue from the Marine transportation segment, which comprises mainly the vessel chartering business. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from Hong Kong.
39GF Score
Get the complete analysis for SGX:CIN
E10 is just one metric. See GF Value™, 30-year financials, guru trades, warning signs, and more.
Quick Browse
Personalize
Premium Gurus 
Create New Portfolio
SGX:CIN has been successfully added to your 
