Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
As of today (2024-05-16), the stock price of Protective Life is €53.38. Protective Life's graham number for the quarter that ended in Sep. 2014 was €63.47. Therefore, Protective Life's Price to Graham Number ratio for today is 0.84.
The historical rank and industry rank for Protective Life's Graham Number or its related term are showing as below:
During the past 13 years, the highest Price to Graham Number ratio of Protective Life was 1.90. The lowest was 0.00. And the median was 0.88.
FRA:PV7's Price-to-Graham-Number is not ranked *
in the Insurance industry.
Industry Median: 0.86 * Ranked among companies with meaningful Price-to-Graham-Number only.
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
Protective Life Graham Number Historical Data
The historical data trend for Protective Life's Graham Number can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Competitive Comparison of Protective Life's Graham Number
For the Insurance - Life subindustry, Protective Life's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Protective Life's Price-to-Graham-Number Distribution in the Insurance Industry
For the Insurance industry and Financial Services sector, Protective Life's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Protective Life's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
Protective Life Graham Number Calculation
Graham Number is a concept based on Ben Graham's conservative valuation of companies.
Protective Life's Graham Number for the fiscal year that ended in Dec. 2013 is calculated as
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Protective Life (FRA:PV7) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Protective Life's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Sep. 2014 )
=
53.38
/
63.47
=
0.84
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Protective Life Graham Number Related Terms
Thank you for viewing the detailed overview of Protective Life's Graham Number provided by GuruFocus.com. Please click on the following links to see related term pages.
Protective Life Corporation, a Delaware corporation was founded in 1907. A holding company, whose subsidiaries provide financial services through the production, distribution, and administration of insurance and investment products. The Company's operating segments are Life Marketing, Acquisitions, Annuities, Stable Value Products, Asset Protection and Corporate and Other. The Life Marketing segment markets universal life, variable universal life, bank-owned life insurance and level premium term insurance products on a national basis mainly through networks of independent insurance agents and brokers, stockbrokers, and independent marketing organizations. The Acquisitions segment focuses on acquiring, converting, and servicing policies acquired from other companies. The segment's main focus is on life insurance policies and annuity products that were sold to individuals. The Annuities segment markets fixed and variable annuity products. These products are mainly sold through broker-dealers, but are also sold through financial institutions and independent agents and brokers. The Stable Value Products segment sells fixed and floating rate funding agreements directly to the trustees of municipal bond proceeds, money market funds, bank trust departments, and other institutional investors. The segment also issues funding agreements to the Federal Home Loan Bank and markets guaranteed investment contracts (GICs) to 401(k) and other qualified retirement savings plans. The Asset Protection segment mainly markets extended service contracts and credit life and disability insurance to protect consumers' investments in automobiles, watercraft, and recreational vehicles. In addition, the segment markets a guaranteed asset protection product and an inventory protection product. The Company has an additional segment referred to as Corporate and Other which earnings from several non-strategic or runoff lines of business, various investment-related transactions, the operations of several small subsidiaries, and the repurchase of non-recourse funding obligations. The Company encounters competition in all lines of business from other insurance companies, many of which have greater financial resources and higher ratings than the Company and which might have a greater market share, offer products, services or features, assume a greater level of risk, have lower operating or financing costs, or have different profitability expectations than the Company. The Company also faces competition from other providers of financial services. The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to government regulation in each of the states in which it conducts business.
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