Mogo Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Mogo for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 1 | + | 0.528 * 0.9911 | + | 0.404 * 1.3287 | + | 0.892 * 0.8672 | + | 0.115 * 0.8325 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 0.8988 | + | 4.679 * -0.5219 | - | 0.327 * 1.0513 |
| = | -4.93 |
* All numbers are in millions except for per share data and ratio. All numbers are in their local exchange's currency.
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Accounts Receivable in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (0 / 36.547463354471) | / | (0 / 42.145114962243) |
| = | 0 | / | 0 |
| | = | 1 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (31.411234323585 / 42.145114962243) | / | (27.483307908184 / 36.547463354471) |
| = | 0.74531139 | / | 0.75198948 |
| | = | 0.9911 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (45.725623582766 + 3.7913832199546) / 76.688586545729) | / | (1 - (83.278453289027 + 5.2564005739748) / 120.72879691866) |
| = | 0.35431061 | / | 0.26666333 |
| | = | 1.3287 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 36.547463354471 | / | 42.145114962243 |
| | = | 0.8672 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (5.8711189119243 / (5.8711189119243 + 5.2564005739748)) | / | (6.5606681286291 / (6.5606681286291 + 3.7913832199546)) |
| = | 0.52762154 | / | 0.63375537 |
| | = | 0.8325 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (16.765834902463 / 36.547463354471) | / | (21.510772668765 / 42.145114962243) |
| = | 0.45874141 | / | 0.51039777 |
| | = | 0.8988 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((71.69992441421 + 4.8518518518519) / 76.688586545729) | / | ((104.28668529567 + 10.342119175289) / 120.72879691866) |
| = | 0.99821603 | / | 0.94947359 |
| | = | 1.0513 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (-12.28232292553 - -3.1854995780957 | - | 30.926060146882) | / | 76.688586545729 |
| | = | -0.5219 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Mogo has a M-score of -4.93 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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