Kellanova Co Beneish M-Score Historical Data
The historical data trend for Kellanova Co's Beneish M-Score can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Kellanova Co Beneish M-Score Chart
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Kellanova Co Annual Data
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Trend |
Dec14 |
Dec15 |
Dec16 |
Dec17 |
Dec18 |
Dec19 |
Dec20 |
Dec21 |
Dec22 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.41 |
-2.75 |
-2.55 |
-2.56 |
-2.65 |
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Kellanova Co Quarterly Data
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Mar19 |
Jun19 |
Sep19 |
Dec19 |
Mar20 |
Jun20 |
Sep20 |
Dec20 |
Mar21 |
Jun21 |
Sep21 |
Dec21 |
Mar22 |
Jun22 |
Sep22 |
Dec22 |
Mar23 |
Jun23 |
Sep23 |
Dec23 |
| Beneish M-Score |
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-2.56 |
-2.53 |
-2.60 |
-2.82 |
-2.65 |
Competitive Comparison of Kellanova Co's Beneish M-Score
For the Packaged Foods subindustry, Kellanova Co's Beneish M-Score, along with its competitors' market caps and Beneish M-Score data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Kellanova Co's Beneish M-Score Distribution in the Consumer Packaged Goods Industry
For the Consumer Packaged Goods industry and Consumer Defensive sector, Kellanova Co's Beneish M-Score distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Kellanova Co's Beneish M-Score falls into.
Kellanova Co Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of Kellanova Co for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9841 | + | 0.528 * 0.9218 | + | 0.404 * 0.9394 | + | 0.892 * 1.0103 | + | 0.115 * 1.1664 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0289 | + | 4.679 * -0.028262 | - | 0.327 * 1.0411 |
| = | -2.68 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Dec23) TTM: | Last Year (Dec22) TTM: |
Total Receivables was €1,438 Mil.
Revenue was 998.613 + 3690.843 + 3729.843 + 3785.502 = €12,205 Mil.
Gross Profit was 364.049 + 1258.391 + 1230.359 + 1130.14 = €3,983 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €3,054 Mil.
Total Assets was €14,324 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €3,552 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €389 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €2,583 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €4,640 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €5,154 Mil.
Net Income was 24.759 + 252.053 + 329.511 + 278.332 = €885 Mil.
Non Operating Income was -276.017 + -22.488 + 33.228 + 24.284 = €-241 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 224.665 + 708.372 + 339.664 + 257.784 = €1,530 Mil.
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Total Receivables was €1,446 Mil.
Revenue was 1105.424 + 3985.46 + 3655.344 + 3334.176 = €12,080 Mil.
Gross Profit was 336.064 + 1164.53 + 1081.278 + 1052.372 = €3,634 Mil.
Total Current Assets was €3,952 Mil.
Total Assets was €17,460 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was €3,493 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was €455 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was €2,485 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was €5,993 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was €5,474 Mil.
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1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (1437.856 / 12204.801) | / | (1446.208 / 12080.404) |
| = | 0.117811 | / | 0.119715 |
| | = | 0.9841 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (3634.244 / 12080.404) | / | (3982.939 / 12204.801) |
| = | 0.300838 | / | 0.326342 |
| | = | 0.9218 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (3053.61 + 3551.541) / 14324.457) | / | (1 - (3951.584 + 3492.8) / 17460.224) |
| = | 0.53889 | / | 0.573638 |
| | = | 0.9394 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 12204.801 | / | 12080.404 |
| | = | 1.0103 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (454.644 / (454.644 + 3492.8)) | / | (389.095 / (389.095 + 3551.541)) |
| = | 0.115174 | / | 0.098739 |
| | = | 1.1664 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (2582.68 / 12204.801) | / | (2484.554 / 12080.404) |
| = | 0.211612 | / | 0.205668 |
| | = | 1.0289 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((5154.457 + 4640.02) / 14324.457) | / | ((5474.256 + 5993.456) / 17460.224) |
| = | 0.683759 | / | 0.656791 |
| | = | 1.0411 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (884.655 - -240.993 | - | 1530.485) | / | 14324.457 |
| | = | -0.028262 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
Kellanova Co has a M-score of -2.68 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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