Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
As of today (2026-06-29), the stock price of PSI Software SE is $23.79241. PSI Software SE's graham number for the quarter that ended in Sep. 2025 was $N/A. Therefore, PSI Software SE's Price to Graham Number ratio for today is N/A.
The historical rank and industry rank for PSI Software SE's Graham Number or its related term are showing as below:
During the past 13 years, the highest Price to Graham Number ratio of PSI Software SE was 19.67. The lowest was 2.45. And the median was 3.76.
PSSWF's Price-to-Graham-Number is not ranked *
in the Software industry.
Industry Median: 1.77 * Ranked among companies with meaningful Price-to-Graham-Number only.
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
PSI Software SE (OTCPK:PSSWF) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
PSI Software SE's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Sep. 2025 )
=
23.79241
/
N/A
=
N/A
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
PSI Software SE Graham Number Related Terms
PSI Software SE Graham Number Historical Data
* Premium members only.
The historical data trend for PSI Software SE's Graham Number can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
PSSWF vs UBER, SHOP, CRM: Graham Number Comparison
For the Software - Application subindustry, PSI Software SE's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
PSI Software SE Price-to-Graham-Number vs Software Industry
For the Software industry and Technology sector, PSI Software SE's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where PSI Software SE's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
PSI Software SE (PSSWF) has a Graham Number of $N/A as of Sep. 2025. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on PSI Software SE and its competitors. Over the past decade, PSI Software SE's Graham Number has ranged from 2.45 to 19.67. According to the industry distribution chart, PSI Software SE ranks #999999 out of 1464 companies in the Software industry.
Is PSI Software SE's Graham Number too high?
PSI Software SE's current Graham Number is $N/A. Over the past 10 years, this metric has ranged from a low of 2.45 to a high of 19.67. Based on the distribution chart, PSI Software SE ranks #999999 out of 1464 companies in the Software industry, which is in the bottom quartile relative to peers. Overall, PSI Software SE has a GF Score™ of 74/100, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does PSI Software SE's Graham Number compare to UBER and SHOP?
According to the Software industry distribution chart, PSI Software SE ranks #999999 out of 1464 companies for Graham Number. This places PSI Software SE in the lower half of its industry. The industry median Graham Number is 1.77. Historically, PSI Software SE's own Graham Number has ranged from 2.45 to 19.67 over the past decade. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Graham Number for a Software company?
The median Graham Number among Software companies is 1.77, based on 1,464 companies in the industry. Companies in the top quartile (top 25%) have a Graham Number significantly above this median, while those in the bottom quartile fall well below. However, Graham Number should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Graham Number mean?
A high Graham Number can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on PSI Software SE and its competitors. For the Software industry, the median Graham Number is 1.77 — values significantly above this may indicate overvaluation, while values below may suggest a bargain or underlying issues. PSI Software SE's current Graham Number is $N/A. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is PSI Software SE stock overvalued right now?
PSI Software SE (PSSWF) has a current Graham Number of $N/A. The stock's GF Value™ is $14.93, compared to a current price of $23.79 — trading 59.4% above its estimated fair value. The current Graham Number is $N/A. PSI Software SE's overall GF Score™ is 74/100 with 7 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Graham Number calculated?
Graham Number is calculated from a company's financial statements. For PSI Software SE (PSSWF), the current Graham Number is $N/A as of Sep. 2025. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Is PSI Software SE (PSSWF) Overvalued in 2026?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, PSI Software SE stock appears to be overvalued.
The current stock price of $23.79 is trading 59.4% above its estimated GF Value™ of $14.93.
Key valuation signals for PSSWF:
Graham Number: $N/A
GF Value™: $14.93 vs. price of $23.79 (59.4% above fair value)
No single metric tells the full story. See the PSSWF stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.
PSI Software SE is a software producer in process control and information systems. Its core business consists of process control and information systems for managing energy and material flows in industries tailored to the electricity, gas, oil, and district heating sectors, engineering, automobile, and automotive supply and logistics sectors. The company's segments include Energy Management, which offers intelligent solutions for utility companies in the electricity, gas, oil, and water sectors; the Production Management segment provides solutions for planning and controlling production processes in metals production, logistics, mechanical engineering, and automotive manufacturing. It generates maximum revenue from the Energy Management segment.
74GF Score
Get the complete analysis for PSSWF
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