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Dr. Charlie Tian is the founder and CEO of GuruFocus.com, a leading global investment research platform established in 2004. With a Ph.D. in physics, Dr. Tian transitioned from science to finance, applying a data-driven, disciplined approach to value investing.
Echo InvestmentWAR:ECH +1.21%73 Graham Number is zł3.22 as of Mar. 2026, which is 100% below its 10-year median of 0.67. GuruFocus rates WAR:ECH with a GF Score™ of 73/100 and a GF Value™ of zł7.84 (Possible Value Trap). The stock has 7 warning signs investors should review. Among 1,170 Real Estate companies, Echo Investment ranks worse than 80.94% on this metric.
Graham Number is a figure that measures a stock's fundamental value by taking into account the company's earnings per share and book value per share. The Graham number is the upper bound of the price range that a defensive investor should pay for the stock. According to the theory, any stock price below the Graham number is considered undervalued, and thus worth investing in.
As of today (2026-07-22), the stock price of Echo Investment is zł5.01. Echo Investment's graham number for the quarter that ended in Mar. 2026 was zł3.22. Therefore, Echo Investment's Price to Graham Number ratio for today is 1.55.
The historical rank and industry rank for Echo Investment's Graham Number or its related term are showing as below:
WAR:ECH'
s Price-to-Graham-Number Range Over the Past 10 Years
Min: 0.28 Med: 0.67 Max: 1.76
Current: 1.56
During the past 13 years, the highest Price to Graham Number ratio of Echo Investment was 1.76. The lowest was 0.28. And the median was 0.67.
WAR:ECH's Price-to-Graham-Number is ranked worse than 80.94% of 1170
companies
in the Real Estate industry
Industry Median: 0.74
vs WAR:ECH: 1.56
Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation. It is a very conservative way of valuing a stock.
Echo Investment (WAR:ECH) Graham Number Explanation
Ben Graham actually did not publish a formula like this. But he wrote in The Intelligent Investor (1948 version) regarding to the criteria for purchases:
Current price should not be more than 15 times average earnings of the past three years.
Current price should not be more than 1.5 times the book value last reported. However, a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets. As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1.5 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.)
Unlike valuation methods such as DCF or Discounted Earnings, the Graham number does not take growth into the valuation. Unlike the valuation methods based on book value alone, it takes into account the earnings power. Therefore, the Graham Number is a combination of asset valuation and earnings power valuation.
In general, the Graham number is a very conservative way of valuing a stock. It cannot be applied to companies with negative book values.
Echo Investment's Price to Graham number Ratio for today is calculated as
Price to Graham number
=
Share Price (Today)
/
Graham number (Q: Mar. 2026 )
=
5.01
/
3.22
=
1.55
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Be Aware
Please keep these in mind:
1. Graham Number does not take growth into account. Therefore it underestimates the values of the companies that have good earnings growth. We feel that if the earnings per share grows more than 10% a year, Graham Number underestimates the value.
2. Graham Number punishes the companies that have temporarily low earnings. Therefore, an average of earnings makes more sense in the calculation of Graham Number.
3. Graham Numbers underestimates companies that are light with book.
Echo Investment Graham Number Related Terms
Echo Investment Graham Number Historical Data
* Premium members only.
The historical data trend for Echo Investment's Graham Number can be seen below:
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Echo Investment Graham Number Competitor Comparison
For the Real Estate - Diversified subindustry, Echo Investment's Price-to-Graham-Number, along with its competitors' market caps and Price-to-Graham-Number data, can be viewed below:
* Competitive companies are chosen from companies within the same industry, with headquarter located in same country, with closest market capitalization; x-axis shows the market cap, and y-axis shows the term value; the bigger the dot, the larger the market cap. Note that "N/A" values will not show up in the chart.
Echo Investment Price-to-Graham-Number vs Real Estate Industry
For the Real Estate industry and Real Estate sector, Echo Investment's Price-to-Graham-Number distribution charts can be found below:
* The bar in red indicates where Echo Investment's Price-to-Graham-Number falls into.
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD. * For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
Echo Investment (WAR:ECH) has a Graham Number of zł3.22 as of Mar. 2026. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Echo Investment and its competitors. This is 381% above median its historical median of 0.67. Over the past decade, Echo Investment's Graham Number has ranged from 0.28 to 1.76. According to the industry distribution chart, Echo Investment ranks #947 out of 1170 companies in the Real Estate industry, placing it in the top 80.9%.
Is Echo Investment's Graham Number too high?
Echo Investment's current Graham Number of zł3.22 is 381% above median its 10-year median of 0.67. Over the past 10 years, this metric has ranged from a low of 0.28 to a high of 1.76. Based on the distribution chart, Echo Investment ranks #947 out of 1170 companies in the Real Estate industry, which is in the bottom quartile relative to peers. Overall, Echo Investment has a GF Score™ of 73/100 and is considered Possible Value Trap, reflecting its overall financial health beyond just this single metric.
How does Echo Investment's Graham Number compare to competitors?
According to the Real Estate industry distribution chart, Echo Investment ranks #947 out of 1170 companies for Graham Number. This places Echo Investment in the lower half of its industry. The industry median Graham Number is 0.74. Historically, Echo Investment's own Graham Number has ranged from 0.28 to 1.76 over the past decade. See the competitive comparison table and distribution chart on this page for a detailed peer-by-peer breakdown.
What is a good Graham Number for a Real Estate company?
The median Graham Number among Real Estate companies is 0.74, based on 1,170 companies in the industry. Companies in the top quartile (top 25%) have a Graham Number significantly above this median, while those in the bottom quartile fall well below. However, Graham Number should not be evaluated in isolation — investors should consider it alongside profitability, growth, and financial strength metrics. Use the industry distribution chart on this page to see where any company falls relative to its peers.
What does a high Graham Number mean?
A high Graham Number can signal that a stock is expensive relative to its fundamentals. The Graham Number values a company based on its per-share earnings and book value. View historical data on Echo Investment and its competitors. For the Real Estate industry, the median Graham Number is 0.74 — values significantly above this may indicate overvaluation, while values below may suggest a bargain or underlying issues. Echo Investment's current Graham Number is zł3.22, which is 381% above median its own 10-year median of 0.67. However, context matters — high-growth companies often justify higher valuations. Always evaluate alongside other metrics like GF Score™ and GF Value™.
Is Echo Investment stock overvalued right now?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Echo Investment (WAR:ECH) is currently considered Possible Value Trap. The stock's GF Value™ is zł7.84, compared to a current price of zł5.01 — trading 36.1% below its estimated fair value. The current Graham Number is zł3.22, which is 381% above median its 10-year median of 0.67. Echo Investment's overall GF Score™ is 73/100 with 7 warning signs to review. Investors should evaluate multiple metrics — including profitability, growth, and financial strength — before making a decision.
How is Graham Number calculated?
Graham Number is calculated from a company's financial statements. For Echo Investment (WAR:ECH), the current Graham Number is zł3.22 as of Mar. 2026. GuruFocus calculates this using data sourced from SEC filings and annual reports. See the calculation section and 30-year financial data on this page for the full breakdown.
Is Echo Investment (WAR:ECH) Overvalued in 2026?
Based on GuruFocus' analysis, Echo Investment stock appears to be undervalued.
The current stock price of zł5.01 is trading 36.1% below its estimated GF Value™ of zł7.84.
GuruFocus considers Echo Investment to be Possible Value Trap.
Key valuation signals for WAR:ECH:
Graham Number: zł3.22 (381% above median its 10-year median of 0.67)
GF Value™: zł7.84 vs. price of zł5.01 (36.1% below fair value)
No single metric tells the full story. See the WAR:ECH stock analysis page for a complete view including 30-year financials, guru trades, and insider activity.
Echo Investment SA is a Polish development company that builds projects in the office, retail, and residential sectors. The company divides its revenue-generating businesses into four categories: residential, shopping centers, office buildings, and others. The residential segment handles the rental and sale of properties. In the other segment, accounting, leasing, and development services for external clients generate revenue. The residential and retail segments are responsible for generating the largest portions of revenue. A majority of the company's revenue is earned in Poland.
73GF Score
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